Jnk inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides novel compounds of formula I and their use in the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases. The present invention further provides the use of these compounds in medicine, in particular in the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders related to apoptosis and/or inflammation.

This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/548,163 filed May 9, 2006, which is a national stage entry of PCT/2004/000944 designating the U.S. and filed Mar. 5, 2004, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(a) to U.K. Patent App. No. 0305144.8 filed on Mar. 6, 2003, U.K. Patent App. No. 0316814.3, filed on Jul. 17, 2003, and U.K. Patent App. No. 0316952.1 filed on Jul. 18, 2003, each of the aforementioned applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The present invention relates to novel compounds, their use in the inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases, their use in medicine and particularly in the prevention and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders related to apoptosis and/or inflammation. The invention also provides processes for manufacture of said compounds, compositions containing them and processes for manufacturing such compositions.

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (hereinafter referred to as “JNKs”) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. JNKs are involved in response to various stimuli, including proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. JNKs, and JNK3 in particular, play an important role during apoptotic death of cells and therefore have been implicated in various disorders including stroke, traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and others. Since JNK activity is a physiological regulator of AP-1 transcriptional activity, JNK inhibitors are expected to reduce inflammatory response.

Apoptosis is a form of cell death in which the cell actively participates in its own destruction in a process involving a characteristic series of biochemical and morphological changes, which are regulated by specific cell death genes. Apoptotic cell death is a process that has been observed in the developing mammalian nervous system. In mice, the inactivation by homologous recombination of genes that encode proteins that promote apoptosis, such as the caspase-3 or the Bax protein, prevents developmental neuronal cell death. The destruction of genes that encode cell death suppressors such as Bcl-x, leads to enhanced neuronal cell death. There is increasing evidence that apoptosis plays an important role in the pathology of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. For example, in transgenic mice overexpressing the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in the nervous system there is a decrease in infarct volume following cerebral ischemia. Similarly, injection of the caspase inhibitor BAF reduces neuronal cell death following hypoxia/ischaemia in neonatal rats. Another example is spinal muscular atrophy (a motor neuron disease) where loss of function mutations in the SMN gene is associated with the disease. Recent data has shown that the wild type SMN protein binds to Bcl-2 and co-operates with it to inhibit apoptosis. These results suggest that inhibitors of neuronal apoptosis could be beneficial in the treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases. There is increasing evidence that neuronal apoptosis is an important pathological feature of stroke, traumatic brain injury and other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, pharmacotherapy using inhibitors of neuronal apoptosis may provide a therapeutic benefit in neurodegenerative conditions.

A number of groups have studied the mechanisms of neuronal cell death using in vitro cell culture systems and the results suggest that in some systems the transcription factor c-Jun is activated by the removal of survival signals and promotes cell death.

Antibodies specific for c-Jun protected NGF-deprived rat sympathetic neurones from apoptosis. Analogous neuroprotection due to expression of a c-Jun dominant negative mutant has been demonstrated, whereas overexpression of wild type c-Jun protein was sufficient to induce apoptosis in the presence of NGF. Estus and co-workers recently showed that an increase in c-Jun RNA levels occurs in cortical neurones undergoing apoptosis after treatment with β-amyloid peptide. It has also been shown that c-Jun is required for apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurones deprived of survival signals.

c-Jun is activated by JNKs, which phosphorylate its transcriptional activation domain. In humans there are three JNK genes: JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. The RNAs encoding JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed in many tissues, including the brain, but JNK3 is restricted to the nervous system and to a smaller extent the heart and testes.

JNKs are strongly activated in cellular responses to various stresses such as UV radiation, heat shock, osmotic shock, DNA-damaging agents, and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1β and others. Upstream regulators of the JNK pathway include kinases such as SEK1, MKK7 and MEKK1. There is evidence that Jun kinase activity is required for neuronal apoptosis in vitro. Overexpression of MEKK1 in sympathetic neurones increased c-Jun protein levels and phosphorylation and induced apoptosis in the presence of NGF indicating that activation of the Jun kinase pathway can trigger neuronal cell death. The Jun kinase pathway has been shown to be necessary for the death of differentiated PC12 cells deprived of NGF. Furthermore, compound CEP-1347, which inhibits the c-Jun pathway (upstream of Jun kinase), protects motor neurones against cell death induced by survival factor withdrawal.

In JNK3 homozygous (−/−) knockout mice, epileptic seizures and death of hippocampal CA3 neurones induced by injection of kainic acid is blocked. This indicates that JNK3 is involved in certain forms of neuronal cell death in vivo. It is also a critical component of GluR6-mediated excitotoxicity. Furthermore, JNK3 (−/−) mice appear to develop normally and are viable suggesting that JNK3 is not essential for development or viability.

Strong nuclear JNK3 immunoreactivity in the brain CA1 neurones of patients with acute hypoxia suggests that JNK3 is involved in hypoxia-related neurodegeneration. Transient hypoxia may also trigger apoptosis through JNK signaling pathway in developing brain neurones.

Furthermore, JNK3 immunoreactivity is colocalized with Alzheimer disease-affected neurones. Moreover JNK3 is related to neurofibrillary pathology of Alzheimer disease. In particular, JNK3 induces robust phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) thus affecting its metabolism in disease state.

The present inventors have provided compounds, which are inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinases.

The first aspect of the invention therefore relates to a compound of formula (I) as illustrated below:

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group, R² is an optionally substituted five or six membered heterocyclyl group or an optionally substituted six membered carbocyclyl group, E is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, G is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and L is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein the optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group of R¹ is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon atom in R¹, including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR³, (CH₂)_(n)NR³ ₂, OR³, SR³, NO₂, CN, NR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CONR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CO₂R³, CO₂R³, COR³, CONR³ ₂, S(O)₂R³, SONR³ ₂, S(O)R³, SO₂NR³ ₂, or NR³S(O)₂R³ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R³)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁴ ₂, ═N—OR⁴, ═NNR⁴COR⁴, ═NNR⁴CO₂R⁴, ═NNSO₂R⁴, or ═NR⁴; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R⁵, COR⁵, SO₂R⁵ or CO₂R⁵; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R³ in NR³ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated four to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and wherein R² is a six-membered carbocyclyl group or a five or six-membered heterocyclyl group containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S or O, wherein the optionally substituted six-membered carbocyclyl or five or six-membered heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon or hetero-atom in R² including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR⁷, (CH₂)_(n)NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, SONR⁷ ₂, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷ ₂, or NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R⁷)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁸ ₂, ═N—OR⁸, ═NNR⁸COR⁸, ═NNR⁸CO₂R⁸, ═NNSO₂R⁸, or ═NR⁸; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R² is optionally substituted by R⁹, COR⁹, SO₂R⁹ or CO₂R⁹; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; preferably, wherein each substitutable carbon or hetero-atom in R² is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NHCO₂R¹⁰, CO₂R¹⁰, COR¹⁰, CONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁰, SONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰ ₂, or NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R⁷ in NR⁷ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated four to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR0¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁹ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and other pharmaceutically acceptable biohydrolyzable derivatives thereof, including esters, amides, carbamates, carbonates, ureides, solvates, hydrates, affinity reagents or prodrugs thereof.

For the avoidance of doubt when a group as defined above contains two or more radicals eg the radical R³ as for example in the groups SO₂NR³R³ and NR³COR³, the two or more radicals such as R³ may be the same or different.

For the purposes of this invention, alkyl relates to both straight chain and branched alkyl radicals of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms and most preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms including but not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl. The term alkyl also encompasses cycloalkyl radicals of 3 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 8 carbon atoms, and most preferably 5 to 6 carbon atoms including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, CH₂-cyclopropyl, CH₂-cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Cycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted or fused to one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group. Haloalkyl relates to an alkyl radical preferably having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms substituted with one or more halide atoms for example CH₂CH₂Br, CF₃ or CCl₃.

The term “alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched alkylenyl radical of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and most preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and includes but is not limited to ethylene, n-propyl-1-ene, n-propyl-2-ene, isopropylene, etc. The term “alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched alkynyl radical of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and most preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and containing one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and includes but is not limited to ethynyl, 2-methylethynyl etc.

“Carbocyclyl” relates to a saturated, partly unsaturated or unsaturated 3 to 12 membered hydrocarbon ring, including cycloalkyl and aryl.

“Aryl” means an aromatic 3 to 12 membered hydrocarbon containing one ring or being fused to one or more saturated or unsaturated rings including but not limited to phenyl, napthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthracenyl.

“Heteroaryl” means an aromatic 3 to 12 membered aryl containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O or S and containing one ring or being fused to one or more saturated or unsaturated rings, and “Heterocyclyl” means a 3 to 12 membered ring system containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O or S and includes heteroaryl. The heterocyclyl system can contain one ring or may be fused to one or more saturated or unsaturated rings; the heterocyclyl can be fully saturated, partially saturated or unsaturated and includes but is not limited to heteroaryl and heterocarbocyclyl. Examples of carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups include but are not limited to cyclohexyl, phenyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, cinnoline, dioxin, dioxane, dioxolane, dithiane, dithiazine, dithiazole, dithiolane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, indole, indoline, indolizine, indazole, isoindole, isoquinoline, isoxazole, isothiazole, morpholine, napthyridine, oxazole, oxadiazole, oxathiazole, oxathiazolidine, oxazine, oxadiazine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, phthalazine, piperazine, piperidine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyrroline, quinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, quinolizine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiophene, thiadiazine, thiadiazole, thiatriazole, thiazine, thiazole, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, and trithiane.

Halogen means F, Cl, Br or I, preferably F.

R¹ is preferably an optionally substituted five or six membered carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group wherein the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to one or more unsaturated rings.

R¹ is preferably selected from optionally substituted phenyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, cyclohexyl furan, imidazole, indole, isoindole, isoquinoline, isoxazole, isothiazole, morpholine, napthaline, oxazole, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, quinolizine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiophene, thiazole, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, triazole or trithiane.

More preferably R¹ is optionally substituted phenyl, thiophene or pyridinyl.

As discussed above, R¹ can be optionally substituted at any position on the carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl or optional fused ring.

Substitution can occur at the ortho, meta or para positions relative to the pyridine ring. When R¹ is a six-membered ring, substitution is preferably at the ortho and/or para positions, more preferably at the para position.

R¹ is preferably substituted with one or more of OR¹², halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR¹², (CH₂)_(n)NR¹² ₂, SR¹², NO₂, CN, NR¹² ₂, O₂R¹², NR¹²C(O)R¹², NR¹²S(O)₂R¹², COR¹², CONR¹², S(O)₂R¹²S(O)R¹² or SO₂NR¹²;

wherein R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or aryl preferably phenyl, or heterocyclyl preferably pyridine, and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein two R¹² in NR¹² ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated four to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, said ring is preferably independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, OR¹³, SR¹³, NO₂, CN, NR¹³ ₂, NR¹³COR¹³, NR¹³CONR¹³ ₂, NR¹³COR¹³, NR¹³CO₂R¹³, CO₂R¹³, COR¹³, CONR¹³ ₂, S(O)₂R¹³, SONR¹³ ₂, S(O)R¹³, SO₂NR¹³ ₂, or NR¹³S(O)₂R¹³; and each saturated carbon in the optional ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR¹⁴ ₂, ═N—OR¹⁴, ═NNR¹⁴COR¹⁴, ═NNR¹⁴CO₂R¹⁴, ═NNSO₂R¹⁴, or ═NR¹⁴; and each substitutable nitrogen atom is optionally substituted by R¹⁵, COR¹⁵, SO₂R¹⁵ or CO₂R¹⁵; wherein R¹³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁶R¹⁶, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CONR¹⁶R¹⁶, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CO₂R¹⁶, CO₂R¹⁶, COR¹⁶, CONR¹⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁶, SONR¹⁶ ₂, S(O)R¹⁶, SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁶, NR¹⁶S(O)₂R¹⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R¹⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹⁶, SR¹⁶, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁶R¹⁶, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CONR¹⁶R¹⁶, NR¹⁶COR¹⁶, NR¹⁶CO₂R¹⁶, CO₂R¹⁶, COR¹⁶, CONR¹⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁶, S(O)R¹⁶, SO₂NR¹⁶R¹⁶, NR¹⁶S(O)₂R¹⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R¹⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl; and wherein R¹⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

R² is preferably selected from phenyl, cyclohexyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, indole, isoindole, indolizine, indazole, isoindole, isoquinoline, morpholine, napthalene, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, piperazine, piperidine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoline, quinolizine, tetrazine, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, trithiane, furan, imidazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, oxathiazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, tetrazole, thiophene, thiadiazole, thiatriazole, thiazole or triazole.

As discussed above, R² can be optionally substituted at any position on the carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl or optional fused ring. Preferably, each substitutable carbon or hetero-atom in R² is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NHCO₂R¹⁰, CO₂R¹⁰, COR¹⁰, CONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁰, SONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰ ₂, or NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰;

wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

When R² is a six-membered carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group, R² is preferably substituted with one or more of OR¹⁷, NR¹⁷ ₂, SR¹⁷, (CH₂)_(n)OR¹⁷, (CH₂)_(n)NR¹⁷ ₂, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, haloalkyl, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁷C(O)R⁷, NR¹⁷S(O)₂R¹⁷, CO₂R¹⁷, COR¹⁷, CONR¹⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁷, S(O)R¹⁷ or SO₂NR¹⁷ ₂;

wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, heterocyclyl or aryl preferably phenyl, and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein two R¹⁷ in NR¹⁷ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, OR¹⁸, SR¹⁸, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁸ ₂, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CONR¹⁸ ₂, NR¹⁸COR¹⁸, NR¹⁸CO₂R¹⁸, CO₂R¹⁸, COR¹⁸, CONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁸, SONR¹⁸ ₂, S(O)R¹⁸, SO₂NR¹⁸ ₂, or NR¹⁸S(O)₂R¹⁸; and each saturated carbon in the optional ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR¹⁹ ₂, ═N—OR¹⁹, ═NNR¹⁹COR¹⁹, ═NNR¹⁹CO₂R¹⁹, ═NNSO₂R¹⁹, or ═NR¹⁹; and each substitutable nitrogen atom is optionally substituted by R²⁰, COR²⁰, SO₂R²⁰ or CO₂R²⁰; wherein R¹⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR²¹, SR²¹, NO₂, CN, NR²¹R²¹, NR²¹COR²¹, NR²¹CONR²¹R²¹, NR²¹COR²¹, NR²¹CO₂R²¹, CO₂R²¹, COR²¹, CONR²¹ ₂, S(O)₂R²¹, SONR²¹ ₂, S(O)R²¹, SO₂NR²¹R²¹, NR²¹S(O)₂R²¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R²¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R²¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R¹⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR²¹, SR²¹, NO₂, CN, NR²¹R²¹, NR²¹COR²¹, NR²¹CONR²¹R²¹, NR²¹COR²¹, NR²¹CO₂R²¹, CO₂R²¹, COR²¹, CONR²¹ ₂, S(O)₂R²¹, S(O)R²¹, SO₂NR²¹R²¹, NR²¹S(O)₂R²¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R²¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R²¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R²⁰ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R²¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

When R² is a five-membered heterocyclyl, it is preferably a group

wherein A, X, Y or Z are independently selected from N, O, C, S and M is C or N, wherein one, two, three or four of A, X, Y, Z and M is other than C, preferably R² is furan, imidazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, tetrazole, thiophene, thiadiazole, thiatriazole, thiazole or triazole; R²², R²³, R²⁴ or R²⁵ are independently selected from a lone electron pair, hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, haloalkyl, OR²⁶, SR²⁶, NO₂, CN, NR²⁶ ₂, NR²⁶COR²⁶, NR²⁶CONR²⁶ ₂, NR²⁶COR²⁶, NR²⁶CO₂R²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)OR²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)NR²⁶ ₂, CO₂R²⁶, COR²⁶, CONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁶, SONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)R²⁶, SO₂NR²⁶ ₂, or NHS(O)₂R²⁶; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; or wherein any two of R²², R²³, R²⁴ or R²⁵ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, OR²⁶, SR²⁶, NO₂, CN, NR²⁶ ₂, NR²⁶CONR²⁶ ₂, NR²⁶COR²⁶, NR²⁶CO₂R²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)OR²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)NR²⁶ ₂, CO₂R²⁶, COR²⁶, CONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁶, SONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)R²⁶, SO₂NR²⁶ ₂, or NR²⁶S(O)₂R²⁶; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR²⁷ ₂, ═N—OR²⁷, ═NNR²⁷COR²⁷, ═NNR²⁷CO₂R²⁷, ═NNSO₂R²⁷, or ═NR²⁷; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R²⁸COR²⁸SO₂R²⁸ or CO₂R²⁸; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR²⁹, SR²⁹, NO₂, CN, NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹CONR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹COR²⁹, NR²⁹CO₂R²⁹, CO₂R²⁹, COR²⁹, CONR²⁹ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁹, SONR²⁹ ₂, S(O)R²⁹, SO₂NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹S(O)₂R²⁹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R²⁹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R²⁹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R²⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR²⁹, SR²⁹, NO₂, CN, NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹COR²⁹, NR²⁹CONR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹COR²⁹, NR²⁹CO₂R²⁹, CO₂R²⁹, COR²⁹, CONR²⁹ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁹, S(O)R²⁹, SO₂NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹S(O)₂R²⁹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R²⁹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R²⁹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R²⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl; wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.

More preferably R²², R²³, R²⁴ or R²⁵ are independently selected from a lone electron pair, hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloalkyl, OR³⁰, SR³⁰, CN, NR³⁰ ₂, NR³⁰COR³⁰, CO₂R³⁰, COR³⁰CONR³⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R³⁰, or S(O)R³⁰;

wherein R³⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl or carbocyclyl, preferably phenyl.

Representative compounds according to the first aspect of the invention are illustrated below:

The compounds of the first aspect may be provided as a salt, preferably as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of compounds of formula (I). Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds include those derived from organic acids such as acetic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulphonic acid, benzenesulphonic acid and p-toluenesulphonic acid, mineral acids such as hydrochloric and sulphuric acid and the like, giving methanesulphonate, benzenesulphonate, p-toluenesulphonate, hydrochloride and sulphate, and the like, respectively or those derived from bases such as organic and inorganic bases. Examples of suitable inorganic bases for the formation of salts of compounds for this invention include the hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of ammonia, lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium, aluminium, iron, magnesium, zinc and the like. Salts can also be formed with suitable organic bases. Such bases suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts with compounds of the present invention include organic bases, which are nontoxic and strong enough to form salts. Such organic bases are already well known in the art and may include amino acids such as arginine and lysine, mono-, di-, or trihydroxyalkylamines such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, choline, mono-, di-, and trialkylamines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, guanidine; N-methylglucosamine; N-methylpiperazine; morpholine; ethylenediamine; N-benzylphenethylamine; tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane; and the like.

Salts may be prepared in a conventional manner using methods well known in the art. Acid addition salts of said basic compounds may be prepared by dissolving the free base compounds according to the first aspect of the invention in aqueous or aqueous alcohol solution or other suitable solvents containing the required acid. Where a compound of the invention contains an acidic function, a base salt of said compound may be prepared by reacting said compound with a suitable base. The acid or base salt may separate directly or can be obtained by concentrating the solution e.g. by evaporation. The compounds of this invention may also exist in solvated or hydrated forms.

The invention also extends to a prodrug of the aforementioned compounds such as an ester or amide thereof. A prodrug is any compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to any of the compounds of the invention or to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the invention. A prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject but is converted in vivo to an active compound of the invention.

The compounds of the invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic and optically active forms. The compounds of the invention may exist in trans or cis form. The first aspect of the invention covers all of these compounds.

The second aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect of the invention comprising removal of group R⁴⁰ from an intermediate (III)

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect, wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group. The pyrrole nitrogen can be protected using any protection known in the art including R³¹SO₂, R³¹C(O), R³¹ ₃Si, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₂NSO₂, (R³¹)₂NC(O), R³¹OC(O), R³¹(R³¹O)CH, R³¹CH₂CH₂, R³¹CH₂, PhC(O)CH₂, CH₂═CH, ClCH₂CH₂, Ph₃C, Ph₂(4-pyridyl)C, Me₂N, HO—CH₂, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₃SiOCH₂, (R³¹O)₂CH, t-BuOC(O)CH₂, Me₂NCH₂, and tetrahydropyranylamine; and wherein R³¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl.

More preferably R⁴⁰ is sulfonamide, most preferably benzenesulfonamide, (R³¹)₂NSO₂, and (R³¹)₂NC(O).

Removal of the protecting group can be afforded using conditions relevant to the protecting group used i.e. sulfonamide or amide protection can be removed by hydrolysis under basic conditions for example sodium hydroxide in water-ethanol, and silyl protection can be removed under acidic conditions for example TFA, HCl or using a source of fluoride, for example TBAF.

The third aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (III)

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect and R⁴⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

A compound of formula (III) may undergo one or more further reactions to provide a different compound of formula (III). For example, a compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The fourth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (III) as defined in the third aspect of the invention comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (II) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (II) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (II) with silane R¹—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect; wherein X is F, Cl, Br I or CF₃SO₃ preferably I or Br; and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six or seven membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group. Preferably, R³³ is hydrogen or both R³³ groups form the group —C(CH₃)₂—C(CH₃)₂—; and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, OH.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the fourth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343.

The reaction set out as option b) for the fourth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option c) for the fourth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

It will further be appreciated than when R⁴⁰ is replaced with hydrogen the process of the fourth aspect yields a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect of the invention.

The fifth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (II) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen.

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect of the invention; wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The sixth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (II)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group defined in the second aspect of the invention; and wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention.

The seventh aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (IV) comprising desilylation of a compound of formula (V)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect of the invention; and wherein X and R³⁴ are as defined in the fourth aspect.

Removal of the silyl group in (V) can be achieved under standard conditions by employing either a fluoride source (e.g. tetrabutylammonium fluoride) or acid (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid, HCl, etc).

The eighth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (IV)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect.

The ninth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect of the invention comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with silane R¹—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R¹ and R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X is F, Cl, Br I or CF₃SO₃ preferably I or Br; and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six or seven membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group. Preferably, R³³ is hydrogen or both R³³ groups form the group —C(CH₃)₂—C(CH₃)₂—; and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, OH.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the ninth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343.

The reaction set out as option b) for the ninth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option c) for the ninth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The tenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (V)

wherein R², G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein X and R³⁴ are as defined in the fourth aspect.

The eleventh aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (V) as defined in the tenth aspect of the invention comprising a reaction of acetylene of formula (VI) with iodoaminopyridine (VII)

wherein R², G, and L are as defined in the first aspect of the invention; wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

Compounds (VI) and (VII) undergo a palladium-catalyzed annulation reaction under conditions similar to those described by Park et al. (Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 627) to afford novel azaindole (V).

Silylated acetylene (VI) can be obtained from aldehyde (VIII), which can be converted into dibromide (IX) using the method described by Corey and Fuchs (Tetrahedron Lett. 1972, 36, 3769). Subsequent reaction of dibromide (IX) with n-BuLi followed by silylation under standard conditions affords silylated acetylene (VI).

The twelfth aspect of the invention provides an alternative process for the introduction of the group R¹ to obtain a compound of formula (ITT) as defined in the third aspect of the invention comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (X) or b) stannane (XI) or c) silane (XII) with R¹-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect.

More preferably R⁴⁰ is sulfonamide, most preferably benzenesulfonamide, (R³¹)₂NSO₂, and (R³¹)₂NC(O),

wherein Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃; wherein R³² is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P (t-Bu)₃.

The reaction of R¹-Hal set out as option a) for the twelfth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020. The boronic ester (X) can then be reacted with a halide or triflate R¹-Hal, preferably iodide or bromide in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd(OAc)₂.

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R¹-Hal set out as option b) for the twelfth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343. The stannyl derivative (XI) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R¹-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Stille coupling reaction for example PdCl₂(MeCN)₂, Pd/P(t-Bu)₃, or Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R¹-Hal set out as option c) for the twelfth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491. Compound (XII) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R¹-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Hiyama coupling reaction for example [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, or Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

Compound of formula (X) can be formed, for example, from a compound of formula (II) by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by trialkylborate B(OR³³)₃.

Alternatively, compound (X) can be prepared by incubating a compound of formula (II) with B(R³⁵)₃ or (R³⁵)₂B—B(R³⁵)₂ wherein each R³⁵ is independently hydrogen or OR³, wherein R³ is as defined in the fourth aspect. Preferably two OR³ groups form the group —OC(CH₃)₂—C(CH₃)₂O—. Conversion of (II) to (X) can be catalysed by a palladium catalyst, such as PdCl₂ or PdCl₂(1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene).

For example, compound (II) (X═Br, E=G=L=hydrogen), may be converted into the relevant pinacol boronic ester (X).

Formation of a compound of formula (XI) from a compound of formula (II) can be achieved by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by (R³²)₃Sn-Hal wherein each R² is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention.

Silicon derivative of formula (XII) may be synthesized from a compound of formula (II) by reaction with a strong base such as n-BuLi or tert-BuLi followed by halosilane (R³⁴)₃Si-Hal or siloxane [(R³⁴)₂SiO]₃ wherein each R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention

The thirteenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (X)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

A preferred compound of formula (X), (Xa) is illustrated below, wherein E, G, and L are hydrogen, and R⁴⁰ and R² are as defined above.

An intermediate of the thirteenth aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the thirteenth aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The fourteenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XI):

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R² is as defined in the fourth aspect.

An intermediate of the fourteenth aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the fourteenth aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The fifteenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XII)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

An intermediate of the fifteenth aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the fifteenth aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The sixteenth aspect of the invention provides an alternative process for the introduction of the group R¹ to obtain a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect of the invention comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (L) or b) stannane (LI) or c) silane (LII) with R¹-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst.

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃; wherein R³² is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

The reaction of R¹-Hal set out as option a) for the sixteenth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020. The boronic ester (L) can then be reacted with a halide or triflate R¹-Hal, preferably iodide or bromide in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd(OAc)₂.

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R¹-Hal set out as option b) for the sixteenth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343. The stannyl derivative (LI) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R¹-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Stille coupling reaction for example PdCl₂(MeCN)₂, Pd/P(t-Bu)₃, or Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R¹-Hal set out as option c) for the sixteenth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491. Compound (LII) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R¹-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Hiyama coupling reaction for example [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, or Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

Compound of formula (L) can be formed, for example, from a compound of formula (IV) by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by trialkylborate B(OR³³)₃.

Alternatively, compound (L) can be prepared by incubating a compound of formula (IV) with B(R³⁵)₃ or (R³⁵)₂B—B(R³⁵)₂ wherein each R³⁵ is independently hydrogen or OR³³, wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect. Preferably two OR³ groups form the group —OC(CH₃)₂—C(CH₃)₂O—. Conversion of (IV) to (L) can be catalysed by a palladium catalyst, such as PdCl₂ or PdCl₂(1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene).

For example, compound (II) (X═Br, E=G=L=H), may be converted into the relevant pinacol boronic ester (L).

Formation of a compound of formula (LI) from a compound of formula (IV) can be achieved by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by (R³²)₃Sn-Hal wherein each R² is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention.

Silicon derivative of formula (LII) may be synthesized from a compound of formula (IV) by reaction with a strong base such as n-BuLi or tert-BuLi followed by halosilane (R³⁴)₃Si-Hal or siloxane [(R³⁴)₂SiO]₃ wherein each R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention.

The seventeenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (L)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

A preferred compound of formula (L), (La) is illustrated below, wherein E=G=L=hydrogen and R² is as defined above.

An intermediate of the seventeenth aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the seventeenth aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The eighteenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (LI)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R³² is as defined in the fourth aspect.

An intermediate of the eighteenth aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the eighteenth aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The nineteenth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (LII)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

An intermediate of the nineteenth aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the nineteenth aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The twentieth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of an intermediate of formula (III) comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (XIII) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XIII) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (XIII) with silane R²—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; wherein R³², R³³ and R³⁴ are as defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₂, preferably Br or I.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the twentieth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343.

The reaction set out as option b) for the twentieth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option c) for the twentieth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The twenty first aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XIII)

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; and R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect with the proviso that when R⁴⁰ is Si(R³¹)₃, and R¹ is a five-membered heterocyclyl at least one of R³¹ is not C₁₋₆ alkyl. The protecting group R⁴⁰ is preferably selected from R³¹SO₂, R³¹C(O)—, or (R³¹)₂NC(O)— wherein R³¹ is C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl, or R³¹ ₃Si wherein at least one of R³¹ is C₇₋₁₂ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl and one or more of the remaining R³¹ groups are independently C₁₋₁₂ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl.

An intermediate of the twenty first aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the twenty first aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The twenty second aspect of the invention provides an alternative process for the introduction of the group R² to obtain a compound of formula (III) as defined in the third aspect of the invention comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (XIV) or b) stannane (XV) or c) silane (XVI) with R²-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst.

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect.

More preferably R⁴⁰ is silyl, preferably tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS), or sulfonamide, most preferably benzenesulfonamide, (R⁴⁰)₂NSO₂, and (R⁴⁰)₂NC(O),

wherein Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃, preferably I or Br; wherein R³² is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

The reaction of R²-Hal set out as option a) for the twenty second aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020. The boronic ester (XIV) can then be reacted with a halide or triflate (R²-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd(OAc)₂.

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R²-Hal set out as option b) for the twenty second aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343. The stannyl derivative (XV) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R²-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Stille coupling reaction, for example PdCl₂(MeCN)₂, Pd/P(t-Bu)₃, Pd₂(dba)₃ or Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R²-Hal set out as option c) for the twenty second aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491. Compound (XVI) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R²-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Hiyama coupling reaction for example [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, or Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

Compound of formula (XIV) can be formed, for example, from a compound of formula (XIII) by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by trialkylborate B(OR³³)₃—

Alternatively, compound (XIV) can be prepared by incubating a compound of formula (XIII) with B(R³⁵)₃ or (R³⁵)₂B—B(R³⁵)₂ wherein each R³⁵ is independently hydrogen or OR³³, wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect. Preferably two OR³³ groups form the group —OC(CH₃)₂—C(CH₃)₂O—. Conversion of (XIII) to (XIV) can be catalysed by a palladium catalyst, such as PdCl₂ or PdCl₂(1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene).

For example, compound (XIII) (E=G=L=hydrogen, X═Br), may be converted into the relevant pinacol boronic ester (XIV).

Formation of a compound of formula (XV) from a compound of formula (XIII) can be achieved by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by (R³²)₃Sn-Hal wherein each R³² is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention.

Silicon derivative of formula (XVI) may be synthesized from a compound of formula (XIII) by reaction with a strong base such as n-BuLi or tert-BuLi followed by halosilane (R³⁴)₃Si-Hal or siloxane [(R³⁴)₂SiO]₃,

wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect of the invention; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention; wherein Hal is as defined in the eleventh aspect of the invention; and wherein X² is as defined in the fifteenth aspect.

The twenty third aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XIV),

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is defined in the second aspect; and wherein R³³ is defined in the fourth aspect.

The twenty fourth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XV)

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R² is as defined in the fourth aspect.

The twenty fifth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XVI)

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

The twenty-sixth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacturing of compound of formula (XIII) by the addition of the R⁴⁰ group to a compound of general formula (XVII).

Conditions for the introduction of the protecting group R⁴⁰ will depend upon the protecting group used. Compound (XIII) can be produced by the initial formation of the relevant salt, for example by treatment with BuLi in THF or NaH in DMF, followed by reaction of the salt with an electrophile such as sulfonyl halide, or acid chloride. Alternatively a compound of formula (XIII) can be produced by the direct reaction of compound (XVII) with an electrophile such as benzenesulfonyl halide, preferably benzenesulfonyl chloride. This reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of base (such as sodium hydroxide) and a phase transfer catalyst such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide or tetra-n-butylammonium hydrogen sulphate.

The twenty-seventh aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XVII)

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

An intermediate of the twenty-seventh aspect of the invention may be converted into another intermediate of the twenty-seventh aspect. For example, an intermediate compound may undergo a reduction, oxidation, elimination, substitution and/or addition reaction.

The twenty eighth aspect of the invention provides an alternative process for the introduction of the group R² to obtain a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect of the invention comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (LIV) or b) stannane (LV) or c) silane (LVI) with R²-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst,

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃, preferably I or Br; wherein R³² is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

The reaction of R²-Hal set out as option a) for the twenty eighth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020. The boronic ester (LIV) can then be reacted with a halide or triflate (R²-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd(OAc)₂.

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R²-Hal set out as option b) for the twenty eighth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343. The stannyl derivative (LV) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R²-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Stille coupling reaction, for example PdCl₂(MeCN)₂, Pd/P(t-Bu)₃, Pd₂(dba)₃ or Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

It will be appreciated that the reaction of R²-Hal set out as option c) for the twenty eighth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491. Compound (LVI) can be reacted with a halide or triflate (R²-Hal), preferably iodide or bromide, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention are those suitable for Hiyama coupling reaction for example [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, or Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone).

Compound of formula (LIV) can be formed, for example, from a compound of formula (XVII) by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by trialkylborate B(OR³³)₃.

Alternatively, compound (LIV) can be prepared by incubating a compound of formula (XVII) with B(R³⁵)₃ or (R³⁵)₂B—B(R³⁵)₂ wherein each R³⁵ is independently hydrogen or OR³³, wherein R³³ is as defined in the fourth aspect. Preferably two OR³³ groups form the group —OC(CH₃)₂—C(CH₃)₂O—. Conversion of (XVII) to (LIV) can be catalysed by a palladium catalyst, such as PdCl₂ or PdCl₂(1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene).

For example, compound (XVII) (E=G=L=hydrogen, X═Br), may be converted into the relevant pinacol boronic ester (LIV).

Formation of a compound of formula (LV) from a compound of formula (XVII) can be achieved by reaction with a strong base such as tert-BuLi followed by (R³²)₃Sn-Hal wherein each R³² is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention.

Silicon derivative of formula (LVI) may be synthesized from a compound of formula (XVII) by reaction with a strong base such as n-BuLi or tert-BuLi followed by halosilane (R³⁴)₃Si-Hal or siloxane [(R³⁴)₂SiO]₃,

wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect of the invention; wherein Hal is as defined in the twelfth aspect of the invention; and X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

The twenty ninth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (LIV),

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R³³ is defined in the fourth aspect.

The thirtieth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (LV),

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R² is as defined in the fourth aspect.

The thirty first aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (LVI),

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is as defined in the fourth aspect.

The thirty second aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XVII) by the introduction of an X² group to a compound of formula (XVIII). Compound (XVII) can be produced from compound (XVIII) by halogenation under anhydrous conditions or by reaction with ICl under basic conditions (such as pyridine or i-Pr₂NEt in a chlorinated solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄) or NBS in an anhydrous solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄)—Where X² is iodine, it may preferably be introduced by direct action of I₂ on (XVIII) in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in anhydrous solvent such as dimethylformamide.

Methods for producing compound of formula (XVIII, E=G=L=hydrogen) are disclosed in GB0207488.8.

Where X² is SO₃CF₃, X² is introduced in a two step process involving oxidation (with for example magnesium monoperphthalate in refluxing acetic acid) or with MoO₅.HMPA) followed by incubation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylpyridine.

The thirty third aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XIII) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XIX).

The compound of formula (XIX) is provided by the introduction of a R⁴⁰ group into a compound of formula (XVIII). In particular where R⁴⁰ is a silyl group, introduction of R⁴⁰ occurs prior to the introduction of X².

Thus, a skilled person will appreciate that the actual synthetic sequence to prepare compound (XIII) will depend on the type of protecting group R⁴⁰ used.

The thirty fourth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XIX)

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect.

The thirty fifth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (IIIa) containing the 4-substituted oxazole ring by the reaction of aldehyde (XX) with a TOSMIC type reagent (XXI),

wherein R⁶ is X or R¹; wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R³⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl; and wherein R³⁸ is an C₆₋₁₂ aryl, preferably tolyl or phenyl.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out for the thirty fifth aspect is a TOSMIC reaction, which has been reviewed by van Leusen, D. and van Leusen A. M. (Organic Reactions 2001, 57, 417), and which can be carried out under conditions similar to those used by Murali Dhar et al. (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 3305).

Methods of producing compound (XX) are disclosed in GB 0311313.1.

The thirty sixth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (IIIb) containing the 2-substituted oxazole ring by the reaction of aldehyde (XX) with a reagent (XXII),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; wherein R³⁶ is as defined in the thirty fifth aspect; wherein R³⁸ is as defined in the thirty fifth aspect; wherein R³⁹ is a hydrogen, C₁₋₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR³, (CH₂)_(n)NR³ ₂, OR³, SR³, NO₂, CN, NR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CONR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CO₂R³, CO₂R³, COR³, CONR³ ₂, S(O)₂R³, SONR³ ₂, S(O)R³, SO₂NR³ ₂, or NR³S(O)₂R³ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R³)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; wherein R³ is as defined in the first aspect of the invention; wherein R⁴¹ is OR⁴² or SR⁴²; and wherein R⁴² is C₁₋₆ alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl.

The reaction set out for the thirty sixth aspect can be carried out using conditions similar to these described by Houwing et al. (Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 2, 143).

The thirty seventh aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (IIIc) containing the triazole ring by the reaction of iminoester (XXIII) with formic acid hydrazide.

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; wherein R⁴³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl; and wherein X³ is F, Cl, Br, I, HSO₄ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻.

The reaction set out for the thirty seventh aspect can be carried out in a suitable solvent such as ethanol in the presence of tertiary amine, preferably triethylamine.

The thirty eighth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXIII)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R⁴³ and X³ are as defined in the thirty seventh aspect.

The thirty ninth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of an iminoester of formula (XXIII) by the reaction of nitrile (XXIV) with alcohol R⁴³OH in the presence of mineral acid HX³.

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R⁴³ and X³ are as defined in the thirty seventh aspect.

The fortieth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXIV),

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect.

The forty first aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of nitrile of formula (XXIV) as defined in the fortieth aspect of the invention comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (XXV) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XXV) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (XXV) with silane R²—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; and wherein R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are as defined in the fourth aspect.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the forty first aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343.

The reaction set out as option b) for the forty first aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option c) for the forty first aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The forty second aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXV),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

The forty third aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XXV) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen in compound (XXVI).

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The forty fourth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXVI)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

The forty fifth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XXVI) by the introduction of an X² group to 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (XXVII),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

Compound (XXVI) can be produced from compound (XXVII) by halogenation under anhydrous conditions or by reaction with ICl under basic conditions (such as pyridine or i-Pr₂NEt in a chlorinated solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄) or NBS in an anhydrous solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄)—Where X² is iodine, it may preferably be introduced by direct action of 12 on (XXVII) in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in anhydrous solvent such as dimethylformamide.

Where X² is SO₃CF₃, X² is introduced in a two step process involving oxidation (with for example magnesium monoperphthalate in refluxing acetic acid) or with MoO₅.HMPA) followed by incubation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylpyridine.

The forty sixth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XXV) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XXVIII).

The compound of formula (XXVIII) is provided by the introduction of a R⁴⁰ group into a compound of formula (XXVII). In particular where R⁴⁰ is a silyl group, introduction of R⁴⁰ occurs prior to the introduction of X².

Thus, a skilled person will appreciate that the actual synthetic sequence to prepare compound (XXV) will depend on the type of protecting group R⁴⁰ used.

The forty seventh aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXVII),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect.

The forty eighth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXVIII),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect.

The forty ninth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (XXVIIa) comprising reaction of 5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄.

The fiftieth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (IIa) containing the triazole ring by the reaction of iminoester (XXIX) with formic acid hydrazide.

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R⁴³ and X³ are as defined in the thirty seventh aspect.

The reaction set out for the fiftieth aspect can be carried out in a suitable solvent such as ethanol in the presence of tertiary amine, preferably triethylamine.

The fifty first aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXIX)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R⁴³ and X³ are as defined in the thirty seventh aspect.

The fifty second aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of iminoester of formula (XXIX) by the reaction of nitrile (XXX) with alcohol R⁴³OH in the presence of mineral acid HX³. Preparation of nitrile (XXX, E=G=L=hydrogen) has been disclosed in GB0305144.8.

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X is as defined in the fourth aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect; and wherein R⁴³ and X³ are as defined in the thirty seventh aspect.

The fifty third aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of silicon derivative of formula (XII) as defined in the fifteenth aspect of the invention comprising a a) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXI) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXI) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; and wherein R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are as defined in the fourth aspect.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the fifty third aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343.

The reaction set out as option b) for the fifty third aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020.

The fifty fourth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXXI)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect; wherein R³⁴ is defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

The fifty fifth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XXXI) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen in compound (XXXII).

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; wherein R³⁴ is defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The fifty sixth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXXII)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R³⁴ is defined in the fourth aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

The fifty seventh aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXII) by the introduction of an X² group into silicon derivative (XXXIII). Preparation of silicon derivative (XXXIII, E=G=L=hydrogen) was disclosed in GB0305142.2.

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; and wherein R³⁴ is defined in the fourth aspect.

Compound (XXXII) can be produced from compound (XXXIII) by halogenation under anhydrous conditions or by reaction with ICl under basic conditions (such as pyridine or i-Pr₂NEt in a chlorinated solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄) or NBS in an anhydrous solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄). Where X² is iodine, it may preferably be introduced by direct action of 12 on (XXXIII) in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in anhydrous solvent such as dimethylformamide.

The fifty eighth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXI) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XXXIV).

Preparation of silicon derivative (XXXIV, E=G=L=hydrogen) was disclosed in GB0305142.2.

Thus, a skilled person will appreciate that the actual synthetic sequence to prepare compound (XXXI) will depend on the type of protecting group R⁴⁰ used.

The fifty ninth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of intermediate of formula (IIb) as defined in the sixth aspect (II, X═Br) of the invention comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXV) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXV) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXV) with silane R²—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; and wherein R³², R³³, and R³⁴ are as defined in the fourth aspect.

Suitable catalysts for the purpose of this invention include (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option a) for the fifty ninth aspect is a Stille reaction, which can be carried out according to Stille Angew. Chem., Int. ed, Engl. 1986, 25, 508; Mitchell Synthesis, 1992, 803, or Littke et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6343.

The reaction set out as option b) for the fifty ninth aspect is a Suzuki reaction which can be carried out according to Suzuki Pure Appl. Chem. 1991, 63, 419 or Littke J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4020

It will be appreciated that the reaction set out as option c) for the fifty ninth aspect is a Hiyama reaction which can be carried out according to Hatanaka et al. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 918, Hatanaka et al. Synlett, 1991, 845, Tamao et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6051 or Denmark et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 565, ibid. 2491.

The sixtieth aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXXV),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group as defined in the second aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

The sixty first aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XXXV) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen in compound (XXXVI).

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect; and wherein R⁴⁰ is as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

The sixty second aspect of the invention provides a compound of formula (XXXVI),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in the first aspect; and wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

The sixty third aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXVIa) by the introduction of an X² group to 5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine,

wherein X² is as defined in the twentieth aspect.

Compound (XXXVIa) can be produced from 5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine by halogenation under anhydrous conditions or by reaction with ICl under basic conditions (such as pyridine or i-Pr₂NEt in a chlorinated solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄) or NBS in an anhydrous solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄). Where X² is iodine, it may preferably be introduced by direct action of 12 on 5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in anhydrous solvent such as dimethylformamide.

Where X² is SO₃CF₃, X² is introduced in a two step process involving oxidation of (XXXVIIa) (with for example magnesium monoperphthalate in refluxing acetic acid) or with MoO₅.HMPA) followed by incubation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylpyridine.

The sixty fourth aspect of the invention provides a process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXV) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XXXVII).

Preparation of (XXXVII) was disclosed in GB0305142.2,

wherein X is as defined in the twentieth aspect, E, G and L are as defined in the first aspect, and R² is as defined in the second aspect of the invention.

In particular where R⁴⁰ is a silyl group, introduction of R⁴⁰ occurs prior to the introduction of X².

Thus, a skilled person will appreciate that the actual synthetic sequence to prepare compound (XXXV) will depend on the type of protecting group R⁴⁰ used.

The present invention encompasses one or more compounds as defined in the third, sixth, eighth, tenth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty first, twenty third, twenty fourth, twenty fifth, twenty seventh, twenty ninth, thirtieth, thirty first, thirty fourth, thirty eighth, fortieth, forty second, forty fourth, forty seventh, forty eighth, fifty first, fifty fourth, fifty sixth, sixtieth and sixty second aspects of the invention as set out below:

The present invention also encompasses a process for manufacturing a compound of the first aspect, the process comprising providing a starting material, which is commercially available or can be produced by a method known in the art, converting the starting material to form an intermediate compound of the third, sixth, eighth, tenth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty first, twenty third, twenty fourth, twenty fifth, twenty seventh, twenty ninth, thirtieth, thirty first, thirty fourth, thirty eighth, fortieth, forty second, forty fourth, forty seventh, forty eighth, fifty first, fifty fourth, fifty sixth, sixtieth and sixty second aspects using a process as described above or a process known in the art (and optionally converting the intermediate compound so formed into another intermediate compound) and then converting the intermediate compound into a compound of the first aspect using a process as described above or a process known in the art (and optionally converting the compound of the first aspect so formed into another compound of the first aspect).

The sixty fifth aspect of the invention provides a composition comprising a compound according to the first aspect of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

The composition may also comprise one or more additional active agent, such as an anti-inflammatory agent (for example a p38 inhibitor, glutamate receptor antagonist, or a calcium channel antagonist), AMPA receptor antagonist, a chemotherapeutic agent and/or an antiproliferative agent.

Suitable carriers and/or diluents are well known in the art and include pharmaceutical grade starch, mannitol, lactose, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, (or other sugar), magnesium carbonate, gelatin, oil, alcohol, detergents, emulsifiers or water (preferably sterile). The composition may be a mixed preparation of a composition or may be a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use (including administration).

The composition according to the invention for use in the aforementioned indications may be administered by any convenient method, for example by oral (including by inhalation), parenteral, mucosal (e.g. buccal, sublingual, nasal), rectal or transdermal administration and the compositions adapted accordingly.

For oral administration, the composition can be formulated as liquids or solids, for example solutions, syrups, suspensions or emulsions, tablets, capsules and lozenges.

A liquid formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compound or physiologically acceptable salt in a suitable aqueous or non-aqueous liquid carrier(s) for example water, ethanol, glycerine, polyethylene glycol or oil. The formulation may also contain a suspending agent, preservative, flavouring or colouring agent.

A composition in the form of a tablet can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier(s) routinely used for preparing solid formulations. Examples of such carriers include magnesium stearate, starch, lactose, sucrose and microcrystalline cellulose.

A composition in the form of a capsule can be prepared using routine encapsulation procedures. For example, powders, granules or pellets containing the active ingredient can be prepared using standard carriers and then filled into a hard gelatine capsule; alternatively, a dispersion or suspension can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier(s), for example aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates or oils and the dispersion or suspension then filled into a soft gelatine capsule.

Compositions for oral administration may be designed to protect the active ingredient against degradation as it passes through the alimentary tract, for example by an outer coating of the formulation on a tablet or capsule.

Typical parenteral compositions consist of a solution or suspension of the compound or physiologically acceptable salt in a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous carrier or parenterally acceptable oil, for example polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, lecithin, arachis oil or sesame oil. Alternatively, the solution can be lyophilised and then reconstituted with a suitable solvent just prior to administration.

Compositions for nasal or oral administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, drops, gels and powders. Aerosol formulations typically comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active substance in a physiologically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container, which can take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device. Alternatively the sealed container may be a unitary dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve, which is intended for disposal once the contents of the container have been exhausted. Where the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser, it will contain a pharmaceutically acceptable propellant. The aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of a pump-atomiser.

Compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets, lozenges and pastilles, wherein the active ingredient is formulated with a carrier such as sugar and acacia, tragacanth, or gelatin and glycerin.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories (containing a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter), pessaries, vaginal tabs, foams or enemas.

Compositions suitable for transdermal administration include ointments, gels, patches and injections including powder injections.

Conveniently the composition is in unit dose form such as a tablet, capsule or ampoule.

The sixty sixth aspect of the invention provides a process for the manufacture of a composition according to the sixty fifth aspect of the invention. The manufacture can be carried out by standard techniques well known in the art and involves combining a compound according to the first aspect of the invention and the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The composition may be in any form including a tablet, a liquid, a capsule, and a powder or in the form of a food product, e.g. a functional food. In the latter case the food product itself may act as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The sixty seventh aspect of the present invention relates to a compound of the first aspect, or a composition of the sixty fifth aspect, for use in medicine.

The compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of JNK, such as JNK1, JNK2, or JNK3. In particular, the compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of JNK3. Preferably, the compounds of the present invention inhibit JNK3 selectively (i.e. the compounds of the invention preferably show greater activity against JNK3 than JNK1 and 2). For the purpose of this invention, an inhibitor is any compound, which reduces or prevents the activity of the JNK enzyme.

The compounds are therefore useful for conditions for which inhibition of JNK activity is beneficial. Thus, preferably, this aspect provides a compound of the first aspect, or a composition of the sixty fifth aspect of the present invention, for the prevention or treatment of a JNK-mediated disorder. The compounds of the first aspect of the invention may thus be used for the inhibition of JNK, more preferably for the inhibition of JNK3.

A “JNK-mediated disorder” is any disease or deleterious condition in which JNK plays a role. Examples include neurodegenerative disorder (including dementia), inflammatory disease, a disorder linked to apoptosis, particularly neuronal apoptosis, autoimmune disease, destructive bone disorder, proliferative disorder, cancer, infectious disease, allergy, ischemia reperfusion injury, heart attack, angiogenic disorder, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombin induced platelet aggregation and any condition associated with prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase-2. The compounds of the present invention may be used for any of these JNK-mediated disorders.

The compounds of the present invention are particularly useful for the prevention or treatment of a neurodegenerative disorder. In particular, the neurodegenerative disorder results from apoptosis and/or inflammation. Examples of neurodegenerative disorders are: dementia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Huntington's disease; senile chorea; Sydenham's chorea; hypoglycemia; head and spinal cord trauma including traumatic head injury; acute and chronic pain; epilepsy and seizures; olivopontocerebellar dementia; neuronal cell death; hypoxia-related neurodegeneration; acute hypoxia; glutamate toxicity including glutamate neurotoxicity; cerebral ischemia; dementia linked to meningitis and/or neurosis; cerebrovascular dementia; or dementia in an HIV-infected patient.

The neurodegenerative disorder may be a peripheral neuropathy, including mononeuropathy, multiple mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy. Examples of peripheral neuropathy may be found in diabetes mellitus, Lyme disease or uremia; peripheral neuropathy caused by a toxic agent; demyelinating disease such as acute or chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy, leukodystrophies, or Guillain-Barré syndrome; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a collagen vascular disorder (e.g. polyarteritis nodosa, SLE, Sjögren's syndrome); multiple mononeuropathy secondary to sarcoidosis; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a metabolic disease (e.g. diabetes or amyloidosis); or multiple mononeuropathy secondary to an infectious disease (e.g. Lyme disease or HIV infection).

The compounds of the invention can also be used to prevent or treat disorders resulting from inflammation. These include, for example, inflammatory bowel disorder, bronchitis, asthma, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, allergies of various types, and possibly Alzheimer's disease. Autoimmune diseases which may also be treated or prevented by the compounds of the present invention include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, glumerulonephritis, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves's disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune haemolytis anaemia, autoimmune neutropaenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis or graft vs host disease.

A compound of the present invention may be administered simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially with one or more other active agent, such as an anti-inflammatory agent e.g. p38 inhibitor, AMPA receptor antagonist, glutamate receptor antagonist, calcium channel antagonist, a chemotherapeutic agent or an antiproliferative agent. For example, for acute treatment, a p38 inhibitor may be administered to a patient prior to administering a compound of the present invention.

The compounds of the invention will normally be administered in a daily dosage regimen (for an adult patient) of, for example, an oral dose of between 1 mg and 2000 mg, preferably between 30 mg and 1000 mg, e.g. between 10 and 250 mg or an intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular dose of between 0.1 mg and 100 mg, preferably between 0.1 mg and 50 mg, e.g. between 1 and 25 mg of the compound of the formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof calculated as the free base, the compound being administered 1 to 4 times per day. Suitably the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more.

The sixty eighth aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a JNK-mediated disorder in an individual, which method comprises administering to said individual a compound of the first aspect or a composition of the sixty fifth aspect. The active compound is preferably administered in a cumulative effective amount. The individual may be in need of the treatment or prevention. Any of the JNK-mediated disorders listed above in relation to the sixty seventh aspect may be the subject of treatment or prevention according to the sixty eighth aspect. One or more other active agent may be administered to the individual simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially to administering the compound. The other active agent may be an anti-inflammatory agent such as a p38 inhibitor, glutamate receptor antagonist, AMPA receptor antagonist, calcium channel antagonist, a chemotherapeutic agent or an antiproliferative agent, but is preferably p38 inhibitor for acute treatment.

The sixty ninth aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound of the first aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of a JNK-mediated disorder. The medicament may be used for treatment or prevention of any of the JNK-mediated disorders listed above in relation to the sixty seventh aspect. Again, the compound of the present invention may be administered simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially with one or more other active agent, preferably a p38 inhibitor for acute treatment.

In the seventieth aspect of the invention, there is provided an assay for determining the activity of the compounds of the present invention, comprising providing a system for assaying the activity and assaying the activity of the compound. Preferably the assay is for the JNK inhibiting activity of the compound, more preferably it is for the JNK3-specific inhibiting activity of the compounds. The compounds of the invention may be assayed in vitro, in vivo, in silico, or in a primary cell culture or a cell line. In vitro assays include assays that determine inhibition of either the kinase activity or ATPase activity of activated JNK. Alternatively, in vitro assays may quantitate the ability of a compound to bind JNK and may be measured either by radiolabelling the compound prior to binding, then isolating the inhibitor/JNK complex and determining the amount of the radiolabel bound or by running a competition experiment where new inhibitors are incubated with JNK bound to known radioligands. An example of an assay, which may be used, is Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA), preferably using radiolabelled ATP. Another example is ELISA. Any type or isoform of JNK may be used in these assays.

In the seventy first aspect, there is provided a method of inhibiting the activity or function of a JNK, particularly JNK3, which method comprises exposing a JNK to a compound or a composition of the first or sixty fifth aspect of the present invention. The method may be performed in a research model, in vitro, in silico, or in vivo such as in an animal model. A suitable animal model may be a kainic acid model in rat or mice, traumatic brain injury model in rat, or MPTP in mice.

All features of each of the aspects apply to all other aspects mutatis mutandis.

The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 5

[4-(3-Iodo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]-dimethyl-amine (2)

To a solution of 1 (4.08 g, 17.2 mmol) in DMF (43 mL) was added KOH (3.57 g, 63.7 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min, cooled in an ice-bath and treated with iodine (4.37 g, 17.2 mmol) portionwise over 15 min. When the addition was complete the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 h and poured onto a mixture of water (253 mL) and saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (38 mL). The solid precipitate was filtered off, washed with water, and dried under high vacuum to give 2 as a tan solid (6.06 g, 97%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.04 (s, 6H), 6.88 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.80-10.10 (bs, NH).

[4-(1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-iodo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]-dimethyl-amine (3)

To a solution of 2 (6.00 g, 16.5 mmol) in benzene (100 mL) was added benzenesulfonyl chloride (4.85 mL, 38.0 mmol), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (2.82 g, 8.76 mmol) and 50% aqueous NaOH (18.5 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was partitioned between water-benzene. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with benzene (5×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give orange oil, which solidified on drying in vacuum. The solid was triturated with methanol (200 mL) for 0.5 h, filtered off, and washed with ice-cold methanol (3×50 mL) to give product 3 as a tan solid (5.32 g, 64%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

3.01 (s, 6H), 6.81 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.60 (m, 4H), 7.59 (tt, J=14.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 8.64 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H); MS (CI) m/z 504.10 (MH⁺).

[4-(1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-furan-3-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]-dimethyl-amine (4)

A mixture of 3 (300 mg, 0.596 mmol), EtOH (3.6 mL), toluene (3.6 mL), furan-3-boronic acid (100 mg, 0.894 mmol), 1M aq. Na₂CO₃ (1.49 mL, 1.49 mmol), LiCl (75.8 mg, 1.79 mmol) and PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (41.8 mg, 59.6 μmol) was refluxed for 15 min. The organic layer was separated, brine was added, and the aqueous layer was extracted with AcOEt. The combined organic solutions were concentrated and separated by means of silicagel chromatography using hexane:AcOEt as eluent (in gradient up to 15% AcOEt) to give 4 as an orange foam (205 mg, 78%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

3.03 (s, 6H), 6.73 (m, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45-7.65 (m, 6H), 7.84 (s, 2H), 8.05 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (m, 2H), 8.68 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H).

[4-(3-Furan-3-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-phenyl]-dimethyl-amine (5)

To a solution of 4 (195 mg, 0.44 mmol) in EtOH (9.9 mL), was added 10% aqueous NaOH (5.0 mL), and the reaction mixture heated at 85° C. for 0.5 h. It was then poured onto water (20 mL). The precipitate was filtered off, washed with water, and dried under high vacuum to afford 5 as light yellow solid (110 mg, 82%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

3.02 (s, 6H), 6.73 (m, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.60 (m, 3H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 10.4 (bs, NH); MS (CI) m/z 304.10 (MH⁺), 345.10 (M+MeCN).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 8

{4-[1-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyl)-3-tributylstannyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-dimethyl-amine (7)

1.5 M solution of t-BuLi in pentane (1.3 mL, 1.95 mmol) was added dropwise over a period of 3 min to a stirred and cooled (−95° C.) solution of bromide 6 (400 mg, 0.93 mmol) in THF (4.0 mL). After an additional stirring for 10 min at −95° C., tributyltin iodide (319 μL, 1.12 mmol) was added in one portion. The mixture was stirred at −95° C. for 1 h and at r.t. for 1 h. Saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (3 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with AcOEt (3×4 mL). The organic solutions were combined, washed with water, concentrated and dried in vacuum to afford 7 (648.5 mg, 109%) as colourless oil.

Dimethyl-{4-[3-(4-methyl-thiophen-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-amine (8)

A mixture of 7 (129.7 mg, 0.186 mmol), 3-bromo-4-methylthiophene (30 μL, 0.30 mmol), PdCl₂.(MeCN)₂ (4.8 mg, 18.6 μmol), tri-o-tolylphosphine (11.4 mg, 37.5 μmol) in toluene (1.7 mL) was stirred under N₂ at 85° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to r.t., diluted with AcOEt (3 mL), and extracted with 10% aqueous HCl ((4×0.5 mL). combined aqueous solutions were washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), and basified with 10% aqueous NaOH (2.5 mL). The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH=19:1 (4×3 mL). Combined extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative TLC using CH₂Cl₂:MeOH=19:1 as eluent to afford 8 (12.9 mg, 21%) as tan solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

{tilde over (2)}34 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 3H), 3.01 (s, 6H), 6.85 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (dq, J=3.3, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 8.14 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 10.00 (bs, 1H).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 15

3-(2,2-Dibromo-vinyl)-furan (10)

To a stirred and cooled (0° C.) solution of carbon tetrabromide (34.5 g, 104.1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (70 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (54.6 g, 208.1 mmol) in five equal portions over a period of 5 min. The resulting dark red solution was stirred for a further 10 min, and a solution of 3-furaldehyde (9) (5 g, 52.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) was added slowly. The resulting black solution was allowed to warm to r.t. After 5.5 h the mixture was poured into ice-cold pentane and stirred vigourously. The mixture was filtered and the collected solid washed extensively with diethyl ether-ethyl acetate mixture. The combined solutions were washed with saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (x1), water (x1), 1 M aqueous NaOH, saturated brine (x1), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was partially purified by silicagel chromatography (SGC) with hexane as eluent. Appropriate fractions were combined, concentrated and purified by vacuum distillation (150° C./0.5 mm Hg) to afford the dibromo-furan 10 (7.26 g, 55%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) δ 6.79 (m, 1H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.41 (m, 1H) and 7.83 (m, 1H).

Furan-3-ylethynyl-trimethyl-silane (11)

To a stirred and cooled (−78° C.) solution of the dibromofuran 10 (2.0 g, 7.9 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added 1.6 M n-BuLi in hexane (10.2 mL, 16.3 mmol) over 3 min. After 1 h the cooling bath was removed and the mixture allowed to warm to r.t. Following a further 1.5 h the mixture was cooled back to −78° C. and then TMSCl (3.0 mL, 23.8 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to gradually warm up to r.t. After 19 h the mixture was poured into ice-cold Et₂O-saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with Et₂O (2×). The combined organic solutions were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the crude acetylene 11 (1.83 g) as a yellow oil. This material was used in the next step without purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) inter alia δ0.23 (s, 9H), 6.44 (m, 1H), 7.34 (m, 1H) and 7.63 (m, 1H).

5-Bromo-3-furan-3-yl-2-trimethylsilanyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (13)

5-Bromo-3-iodo-pyridin-2-ylamine (12) (390 mg, 1.32 mmol; prepared according to WO0196308), crude acetylene 11 (910 mg), LiCl (56 mg, 1.32 mmol), KOAc (259 mg, 2.64 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (7.4 mg, 0.03 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. After 19 h the mixture was partitioned between Et₂O and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (4×). The combined organic solutions were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residual red oil was purified by PTLC with AcOEt:hexane=1:4 as eluent to yield azaindole 13 (97.9 mg, 22%) as an oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) δ 0.32 (s, 9H), 6.53 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.09 (brs, NH).

5-Bromo-3-furan-3-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (14)

To a stirred solution of azaindole 13 (20.9 mg, 0.06 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added a 1M solution of TBAF in THF (0.12 mL, 0.12 mmol). After 1.5 h the mixture was concentrated and purified by PTLC with AcOEt as eluent to give azaindole 14 (9.6 mg, 58%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) δ 6.67 (m, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.76 (m, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (m, 1H), 9.33 (brs, NH).

5-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-3-furan-3-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (15)

Bromide 14 (17.6 mg, 0.07 mmol), 3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenylboronic acid (16.7 mg, 0.10 mmol), LiCl (8.4 mg, 0.20 mmol), PdCl₂(Ph₃P)₂ (4.6 mg, 0.007 mmol) in 1 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ (0.17 mL, 0.17 mmol), PhMe (1.5 mL) and EtOH (1.5 mL) was heated at 105° C. After 5 h the mixture was allowed to cool to r.t. and then purified by PTLC with AcOEt:hexane=1:1 as eluent to afford azaindole 15 (15.2 mg, 76%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) δ 6.04 (s, 2H), 6.72 (dd, J=0.8 and 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=7.9, 0.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (t, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.61 (brs, NH).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 18

{4-[1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-dimethyl-amine (16)

A mixture of 3 (0.50 g, 0.99 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene dichloropalladium(II).dichloromethane complex [PdCl₂(dppf)₂.CH₂Cl₂] (24.3 mg, 0.0298 mmol), triethylamine (415 μL, 2.98 mmol) and 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (221 μL, 1.52 mmol) in dioxane (5.0 mL) was microwaved at 120° C. for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, poured onto water (100 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (4×30 mL), the combined organic extracts washed with brine (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. This gave the product 16 as a brown foam (576 mg, 113%) which was used in the next step without further purification; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

1.38 (s, 12H), 3.02 (s, 6H), 6.86 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.45 (m, 5H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 8.30 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H).

{4-[1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-dimethyl-amine (17)

A mixture of 16 (150 mg, 0.298 mmol), 4-iodoimidazole (86.7 mg, 0.447 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (20.9 mg, 0.0298 mmol), LiCl (37.9 mg, 0.894 mmol), 1M aq. Na₂CO₃ (0.75 mL, 0.75 mmol) in toluene (1.8 mL) and EtOH (1.8 mL) was microwaved at 120° C. for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled, brine (3 mL) was added and the aqueous layer extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL). Sorbent (HM-N, Jones Chromatography) was added, the solvent evaporated and the product purified by silicagel chromatography using MeOH:CH₂Cl₂ (3:97) (gradient elution) to give product 17 as a brown foam (111 mg, 84%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

2.96 (s, 6H), 6.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.52 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 8.27 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H).

{4-[3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]-phenyl}-dimethyl-amine (18)

To 17 (50 mg, 0.113 mmol) in EtOH (2.5 mL) was added 10% aq. NaOH (1.3 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then at 85° C. for 10 min. It was cooled and poured onto water (3 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×5 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative LCMS (column LUNA 10μ C18(2) 00G-4253-V0 250×50 mm) using water-acetonitrile (0.1% AcOH) as eluent (in gradient; flow 80 mL/min) to give product 18 as a white solid (9.0 mg, 26%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+4 drops CD₃OD)

2.97 (s, 6H), 6.83 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.27 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); MS (CI) m/z 304.1 (MH), 345.1 (M+MeCN).

Synthesis of Inhibitor 23

5-Bromo-3-formyl-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide (20)

A mixture of 19 (2.01 g, 8.93 mmol; preparation disclosed in GB 0311313.1), dimethylcarbamyl chloride (1.23 mL, 13.4 mmol) and n-Bu₄NHSO₄ (394 mg, 1.16 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was treated with 50% aq. NaOH (1.7 mL) and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was poured onto water (100 mL), the layers separated, the aqueous layer extracted with dichloromethane (3×40 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford 20 as a white solid (2.61 g, 99%) as a mixture of rotamers; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃, major isomer signals quoted)

3.40-2.90 (6H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.48 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 10.01 (s, 1H).

5-Bromo-3-oxazol-5-yl-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-1-carboxylic acid dimethylamide (21)

To aldehyde 20 (2.00 g, 6.75 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (70 mL) was added tosylmethyl isocyanide (1.58 g, 8.10 mmol) followed by DBU (1.44 g, 9.46 mmol), and the reaction mixture heated at 90° C. overnight. After cooling, sorbent (HM-N, Jones Chromatography) was added and the solvent evaporated. The product was purified by silicagel chromatography using ethyl acetate:hexane (4:6) (gradient elution) to give product 21 as a light orange solid (667 mg, 29%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

3.40-2.90 (bs, 6H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H).

5-Bromo-3-oxazol-5-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (22)

A mixture of 21 (667 mg, 1.99 mmol), EtOH (20 mL) and 10% aq. NaOH (10 mL) was heated at 90° C. for 40 min then cooled and poured onto water (50 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×40 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give 22 as a white solid (477 mg, 91%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

7.27 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.30-9.10 (bs, NH).

3-Oxazol-5-yl-5-(2-phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (23)

A mixture of bromide 22 (300 mg, 1.14 mmol), 2-phenoxyphenylboronic acid (366 mg, 1.71 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (80.0 mg, 0.114 mmol), LiCl (145 mg, 3.42 mmol) and 1M Na₂CO₃ (2.85 mL, 2.82 mmol) in toluene (5.4 mL) and EtOH (5.4 mL) was refluxed overnight (105° C. oil bath temp.). The reaction mixture was cooled, and separated between brine (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The combined organic solutions were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The resulting solid was dry loaded on a silicagel column. Fractions containing the product were eluted using ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) (gradient elution) to give a solid which was triturated with ether to give 23 as a white solid (186 mg, 46%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

6.94 (dd, J=8.8, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=8.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.20 (m, 3H), 7.38 (dt, J=9.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J=7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.35-9.20 (bs, NH).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 29

5-(2-Phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (25)

To a solution of the 5-bromoazaindole 24 (15.0 g, 76.1 mmol) in toluene (360 mL) and EtOH (360 mL) was added LiCl (9.68 g, 228.4 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (5.34 g, 7.6 mmol), 2-phenoxyphenylboronic acid (24.44 g, 114.2 mmol) and 1 M sodium carbonate (190 mL, 190 mmol). After 4 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the phases separated. The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (3×) and the combined organic extracts dried (MgSO₄), filtered and evaporated. The resulting residue was purified by silicagel chromatography [gradient elution, hexanes to hexanes-EtOAc (1:1)] to afford product 25 (18.30 g, 84%) as a cream-coloured solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

6.51 (dd, J=3.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.96 (m, 2H), 7.01 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J=8.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.30-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.82 (bs, 1H).

3-Iodo-5-(2-phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (26)

To a solution of the azaindole 25 (18.30 g, 63.9 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was added KOH (13.27 g, 236.5 mmol) in a single portion. After 0.5 h, iodine (16.18 g, 63.9 mmol) was added in portions over a 3 min. period. After a further 1 h the reaction was quenched by the addition of a solution of sodium thiosulfate (70 g) in H₂O (400 mL). The semisolid was filtered off, dissolved in dichloromethane. The solution and washed with saturated brine (1×), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to afford the iodide 26, which was used directly in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃)

6.92-6.95 (m, 2H), 7.01 (tt, J=7.3, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (dd, J=8.1, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.36 (dt, J=7.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J=7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) and 11.06 (bs, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-iodo-5-(2-phenoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (27)

To a solution of the crude azaindole 26 (prepared in the previous step) in dichloromethane (373 mL) was sequentially added, benzenesulfonyl chloride (12.6 mL, 99.1 mmol), 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (12.2 mL) and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (2.82 g, 8.3 mmol). After 2 h stirring the mixture was partitioned between dichloromethane and saturated brine. The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford the azaindole 27 (24.2 g, 68% from 25) as a tan coloured solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃)

6.89-6.92 (m, 2H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J=7.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.60 (tt, J=7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 8.20-8.22 (m, 2H) and 8.64 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-(2-phenoxy-phenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (28)

To a solution of the iodide 27 (2.00 g, 3.62 mmol) in toluene (40 mL) and EtOH (40 mL) was added lithium chloride (0.46 g, 10.86 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (0.127 g, 0.18 mmol), phenylboronic acid (0.662 g, 5.43 mmol) and 1 M sodium carbonate (9.05 mL, 9.05 mmol). The mixture was refluxed under N₂ (oil bath temp. 105° C.) for 2.5 h and then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was co-evaporated once from xylene and purified by silicagel chromatography (gradient elution, hexanes to dichloromethane) to afford the azaindole 28 (1.16 g, 64%) as pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃)

6.91-6.94 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.31-7.41 (m, 4H), 7.44-7.53 (m, 5H), 7.60 (tt, J=7.4, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 8.23-8.26 (m, 3H) and 8.66 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H).

5-(2-Phenoxy-phenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (29)

To a solution of azaindole 28 (1.16 g, 2.31 mmol) in EtOH (70 mL) was added a 10% sodium hydroxide solution (8.5 mL), and the mixture was heated at 105° C. After 1 h, the mixture was allowed to cool to r.t. and partitioned between chloroform and saturated brine. The aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform (3×), and the combined organic extracts dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silicagel chromatography (gradient elution, hexanes to 5% EtOAc in dichloromethane) to afford a yellow solid which was washed with cold Et₂O to furnish azaindole 29 (0.546 g, 65%) as a cream coloured solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃)

6.95-6.98 (m, 2H), 7.04 (tt, J=7.4, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J=8.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.35-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.54-7.57 (m, 4H), 8.41 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 10.78 (bs, 1H).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 32

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-3-furan-3-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (30)

To a stirred and cooled (−78° C.) suspension of azaindole 14 (100.0 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF (0.75 mL) was added a 2.5 M solution of n-BuLi in hexane (0.182 mL, 0.456 mmol) over a period of 5 min. The brown solution was stirred at −78° C. for 0.5 h. Benzenesulfonyl chloride (58.4 μL, 0.456 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to warm up to r.t. overnight, partitioned between saturated aqueous NaHCO₃— AcOEt. The aqueous layer was extracted with AcOEt (5×). Combined organic solutions were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by silicagel chromatography with CH₂Cl₂:AcOEt as eluent (in gradient) to give protected azaindole 30 (101.3 mg, 66%) as a tan solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) δ 6.66 (dd, J=1.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.63 (m, 3H), 7.55 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (m, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.17-8.21 (m, 2H), 8.49 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-furan-3-yl-5-(1-triisopropylsilanyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (31)

A mixture of 30 (31.6 mg, 0.078 mmol), 1-triisopropylsilanyl-1H-pyrrole-3-boronic acid (31 mg, 0.12 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (6 mg, 7.8 μmol), LiCl (10 mg, 0.24 mmol), aqueous 1.0 M Na₂CO₃ (200 μL, 0.2 mmol), EtOH (0.47 mL) and toluene (0.47 mL) were heated at 85° C. over weekend. After cooling the organic layer was separated and purified by PTLC using AcOEt:hexane=3:7 as eluent to give the product 31 as a colourless oil (15.3 mg, 36%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.13 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 18H), 1.49 (septet, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 6.60 (dd, J=2.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J=1.8, 0.79 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (m, 2H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (m, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 8.68 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

3-Furan-3-yl-5-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (32)

A mixture of 31 (15.3 mg, 0.28 μmol), EtOH (1.0 mL) and 10% aq. NaOH (0.5 mL) were heated at 110° C. for 40 min then cooled and poured onto saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and the residue purified by PTLC using 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to give the pure product as a solid (4.15 mg, 59%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.60 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=4.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (bs, NH), 8.57 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.96 (bs, NH).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 34

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-furan-3-yl-5-thiophen-2-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (33)

A mixture of bromide 30 (40.3 mg, 0.1 mmol), tributylthiophen-2-yl-stannane (62 μL, ca 0.2 mmol), PdCl₂.(MeCN)₂ (3.6 mg, 0.014 mmol), and tri-o-tolyl-phosphane (6.6 mg, 0.022 mmol) in toluene (0.9 mL) was stirred under N₂ for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and separated by PTLC with CH₂Cl₂ as eluent to afford 33 (31.7 mg, 78%) as yellowish solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) δ 6.71 (dd, J=2.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=5.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=3.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=5.1, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.63 (m, 4H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.22-8.26 (m, 2H), 8.73 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H).

3-Furan-3-yl-5-thiophen-2-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (34)

To a solution of 33 (28.3 mg, 0.0696 mmol) in EtOH (1.4 mL), was added 10% aqueous NaOH (0.67 mL), and the reaction mixture refluxed (oil bath 110° C.) for 0.5 h. The mixture was diluted with water (1.4 mL), and stirred for an additional 0.5 h at r.t. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with water, and dried under high vacuum to afford 34 as tan solid (15.8 mg, 85%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl₃) δ 6.72 (dd, J=1.8, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J=5.1, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 8.23 (dd, J=2.0, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 8.65 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.67 (bs, 1H).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 41

1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (35)

A mixture of bromide 24 (10.0 g, 50.8 mmol), ZnCl₂ (3.58 g, 30.5 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (3.52 g, 3.05 mmol) in DMF (110 mL) was heated at 80° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue separated by silicagel chromatography (100 g column) using hexane:ethyl acetate as eluent (gradient elution). The resulting solid was partitioned between water (200 mL)/CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and the aqueous phase extracted with more CH₂Cl₂ (4×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to give the product as a white solid (5.48 g, 75%), which was used for subsequent reactions without further purification.

3-Iodo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (36)

To a solution of 35 (3.0 g, 21.0 mmol) in DMF (53 mL) was added KOH (4.35 g, 77.5 mmol, pellets) and the reaction mixture stirred for 20 min., cooled to 0° C., and treated with iodine (5.32 g, 21.0 mmol). It was stirred at room temperature for 50 min then poured onto a mixture of water (306 mL)/sat. aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (46 mL). The resulting solid was filtered off and washed with water (2×) to give 36 (3.57 g, 63%) as creamy solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.96 (s), 8.25 (s), 8.64 (s), 12.74 (NH).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-iodo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (37)

A mixture of iodide 36 (3.50 g, 13.0 mmol), PhSO₂Cl (2.49 mL, 19.5 mmol), n-Bu₄NHSO₄ (0.57 g, 1.69 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (77 mL) was treated with 50% aq. NaOH (2.46 mL) then stirred for 40 min. It was then poured onto water (250 mL), the aqueous phase extracted with more CH₂Cl₂ (3×60 mL) and the combined organic extracts dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. Methanol was added to the resulting solid and the mixture stirred for 0.5 h. The solid was filtered off and washed with more methanol (2×) to afford iodide 37 as a white solid (4.00 g, 75%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (tt, J=7.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 8.16 (m, 2H), 8.60 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-furan-3-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (38)

A mixture of iodide 37 (2.00 g, 4.89 mmol), furan-3-boronic acid (820 mg, 7.33 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (343 mg, 0.49 mmol), LiCl (622 mg, 14.7 mmol), 1.0 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ (12.2 mL, 12.2 mmol), EtOH (23 mL) and toluene (23 mL) were refluxed for 50 min. After cooling the layers were separated, brine was added to the aqueous layer and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated. The resulting solid was purified by silicagel chromatography using 30% ethyl acetate in hexane (gradient elution) to give 38 as an orange solid (1.23 g, 72%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.60 (dd, J=1.90, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.0, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (tt, J=7.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (m, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 8.16 (m, 2H), 8.19 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-furan-3-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carboximidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride salt (39)

Gaseous HCl was bubbled through an ice-cold and stirred suspension of 38 (300 mg, 0.86 mmol) in EtOH (31 mL) for 20 min and the resulting mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. It was then filtered to remove small amount of black solid and the solvent evaporated to give the product 39 as a red/brown solid (331 mg, 89%).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-furan-3-yl-5-(4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (40)

A mixture of 39 (300 mg, 0.70 mmol), formic hydrazide (209 mg, 3.47 mmol) and Et₃N (759 μM, 6.95 mmol) in EtOH (10.4 mL) was heated at 75° C. overnight. After cooling, the solvent was evaporated and the residue purified by silicagel chromatography using 80% ethyl acetate in hexane (gradient elution) then preparative TLC (1 mm plates, EtOAc eluent) to give 40 as a white solid (132.6 mg, 76%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+2 drops CD₃OD) δ 6.71 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.70 (m, 5H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.93 (t, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.10-8.30 (m, 3H), 8.63 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.10 (bs, NH); MS (CI) m/z 391.9 (MH⁺), 433.1 (M+MeCN).

3-Furan-3-yl-5-(4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (41)

A mixture of 40 (60 mg, 0.15 mmol), EtOH (1.54 mL) and 10% aq. NaOH (767 μL) were heated at 90° C. for 45 min then cooled and poured onto water (11 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (4×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and the residue purified by preparative LCMS (column LUNA 10μ C18(2) 00G-4253-V0 250×50 mm) using water-acetonitrile (0.1% AcOH) as eluent (in gradient; flow 80 mL/min) to give the product as a white solid (10.7 mg, 28%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+2 drops CD₃OD) δ 6.70 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 8.16 (bs, 1H), 8.75 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H).

Synthesis of Example Bromide 44

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboximidic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride salt (42)

To an ice-cold solution of 42 (200 mg, 0.55 mmol; preparation disclosed in GB 0315732.8) in EtOH (20 mL) was bubbled gaseous HCl for 20 min. and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue dried under high vacuum overnight to give 43 as a white solid (229 mg, 93%).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-3-(4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (44)

A mixture of 43 (215 mg, 0.48 mmol), formic hydrazide (145 mg, 2.42 mmol), Et₃N (528 μL, 4.83 mmol) in EtOH (7.2 mL) was stirred overnight at 75° C. Sorbent (HM-N, Jones chromatography) was added to the mixture and the solvent evaporated. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using hexane:ethyl acetate (in gradient) to give 44 as a white solid (110 mg, 56%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+2 drops CD₃OD) δ 7.92 (s, 1H), 8.00 (m, 6H), 8.28 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H).

Synthesis of Example Inhibitor 50

5-Bromo-3-iodo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (45)

To a solution of bromide 24 (10.00 g, 51 mmol) in DMF (330 mL) was added KOH (10.70 g, 191 mmol, pellets) and the reaction mixture was stirred for about 20 min. The mixture was then cooled in an ice-bath and iodine (11.55 g, 45.62 mmol) was added portionwise over 10 min. When the addition was complete the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 h, diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and washed with saturated brine solution (500 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (4×200 mL), The combined organic solutions were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford 45 as a pale yellow solid (15.62 g, 95%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (bs, NH), 8.29 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-3-iodo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (46)

To a cooled solution of 45 (15.00 g, 46.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (210 mL) was added benzenesulfonyl chloride (9.18 mL, 71.8 mmol), 50% aq NaOH (13.04 mL) and Bu₄NHSO₄ (2.35 g, 6.94 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for 2 h 45 min. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) and washed with saturated brine solution (200 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL), the combined organics were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford a pale yellow solid. The solid was stirred vigorously with cold methanol for 1 h and the resulting precipitate was filtered off and dried under vacuum to afford 46 as a white solid (20.90 g, 97%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.49 (t, J=15.5, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 8.17-8.19 (m, 2H), 8.45 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-bromo-3-(1-trityl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (47)

A mixture of 46 (1 g, 2.16 mmol), EtOH (14 mL), toluene (14 mL), 1-trityl-1H-pyrazole-4-boronic acid (767 mg, 2.16 mmol), 1M aq. Na₂CO₃ (5.4 mL, 5.4 mmol), LiCl (275 mg, 6.5 mmol) and PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (75 mg, 0.108 mmol) was refluxed for 1 h 45 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated to afford a pale yellow solid. The solid was purified by silicagel chromatography (Si 50 g column) using 30% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluent (gradient elution) to give the product 47 (798 mg, 57%) as a pale yellow solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.18-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.33-7.37 (m, 9H), 7.47 (t, J=15.6, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.15-8.18 (m, 2H), 8.46 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-3-(1-trityl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (48)

A mixture of 47 (200 mg, 0.308 mmol), EtOH (1.5 mL), toluene (1.5 mL), 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-boronic acid (50 mg, 0.308 mmol), 1M aq. Na₂CO₃ (0.48 mL, 0.48 mmol), LiCl (25 mg, 0.619 mmol) and PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (15 mg, 0.021 mmol) was refluxed for 1 h 40 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated to afford a pale yellow solid, which was purified by silicagel chromatography using 30% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluent (gradient elution) to give the product 48 (187 mg, 86%) as a pale yellow solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

3.27 (t, J=17.2, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.61 (t, J=17.4, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.23 (m, 7H), 7.33-7.36 (m, 10H), 7.45 (t, J=15.3, 7.26 Hz, 2H), 7.54-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 8.19-8.21 (m, 2H), 8.60 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (49)

To a solution of 48 (187 mg, 0.270 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added triisopropylsilane (0.14 mL), TFA (0.73 mL) and distilled water (6 drops). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h 30 min. The reaction was quenched and made neutral by addition of aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ and diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and water (100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted further with CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL), the organic solutions were combined, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford a light brown oily solid. Purification by preparative TLC (EtOAc) afforded 49 (45 mg, 38%) as an off white solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃+1 drop CD₃OD) δ 2.62 (t, J=17.7, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (t, J=17.3, 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.22 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (t, J=8.0, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.84-6.88 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.96 (m, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (s, 1H).

5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-5-yl)-3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (50)

To 49 (45 mg, 0.10 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) was added 10% aq. NaOH (1.25 mL) and the reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated to afford a yellow solid. Purification by preparative LCMS (column LUNA 10μ C18(2) 00G-4253-V0 250×50 mm) using water-acetonitrile (0.1% AcOH) as eluent (in gradient; flow 80 mL/min) afforded the product 50 (16 mg, 53%) as a white solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.24 (t, J=17.4, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.55 (t, J=17.4, 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 2H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H).

Synthesis of Example 3,5-Disubstituted 7-Azaindole Derivative (58)

5-Bromo-1-(2-trimethylsilanylethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (51)

Sodium hydride (60% suspension in oil, 0.305 g, 7.63 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 5-bromo-7-azaindole 24 (1.00 g, 5.08 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). After the mixture was stirred for 30 min, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (SEM-Cl; 1.35 mL, 7.63 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2.5 days and poured into brine and extracted with AcOEt. The organic layer was washed with brine twice, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by means of SGC with hexane:AcOEt as eluent to afford 51 (1.50 g, 90%) as a tan syrup. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.00 (s, 9H), 0.94-0.99 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.61 (m, 2H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 6.53 (d, J=0.36 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=0.36 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=0.22 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (d, J=0.22 Hz, 1H).

5-Morpholin-4-yl-1-(2-trimethylsilanylethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (52)

A mixture of 51 (1.48 g, 4.52 mmol), morpholine (0.473 mL, 5.43 mmol), Pd₂(dba) 3 (0.083 g, 0.090 mmol), Xantphos (0.157 g, 0.271 mmol) and t-BuONa (0.652 g, 6.78 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 2.5 hours. The mixture was cooled and poured into brine and extracted with AcOEt. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by means of SGC with hexane:AcOEt as eluent to afford 52 (0.81 g, 54%) as a tan syrup. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.00 (s, 9H), 0.94-1.00 (m, 2H), 3.18-3.23 (m, 4H), 3.57-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.96-4.02 (m, 4H), 5.70 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, J=0.35 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=0.35 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H).

5-Morpholin-4-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (53)

Ethylenediamine (0.090 mL, 1.35 mmol) and 1M solution of TBAF in THF (2.70 mL, 2.70 mmol) were added to a solution of 52 (0.300 g, 0.90 mmol) in THF (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 6 hours. More 1.0 M TBAF solution (1.80 ml, 1.80 mmol) was added and stirring was continued at 60° C. for 42 hours. The mixture was cooled, and poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with AcOEt. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to afford a tan solid. The solid was recrystallized from AcOEt to afford 53 (0.065 g) as a pale yellow crystalline solid. The mother liquors were concentrated and successively purified by means of SGC with AcOEt:MeOH as eluent and preparative TLC with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH as eluent to afford additional 53 (0.060 g, total yield: 0.125 g, 68%) as a pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.05-3.09 (m, 4H), 3.83-3.87 (m, 4H), 6.36 (dd, J=0.35, 0.20 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=0.33, 0.25 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=0.25 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=0.25 Hz, 1H), 8.97 (bs, 1H).

3-Iodo-5-morpholin-4-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (54)

To a stirred solution of 53 (0.096 g, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added solid KOH (85%, 0.112 g, 1.69 mmol). After 20 min iodine (0.132 g, 0.52 mmol) was added in one portion. After stirring for 1 hour the mixture was cooled with ice-water bath, and water (10 mL) followed by saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ solution (2 mL) were added. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with water and dried to afford 54 (0.102 g, 66%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.11-3.15 (m, 4H), 3.85-3.89 (m, 4H), 7.19 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=0.24 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H), 9.81 (bs, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-3-iodo-5-morpholin-4-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (55)

Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (0.020 g, 0.059 mmol), benzenesulfonyl chloride (0.055 mL, 0.43 mmol) and 50% aqueous NaOH solution (0.20 mL) were added to a solution of 54 (0.095 g, 0.29 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL). After stirring for 2 hours, the mixture was poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ three times. The combined organic solutions were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to afford a tan syrup. MeOH was added to the syrup and the mixture was cooled in an ice bath. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with MeOH and dried to afford 55 (0.088 g) as a brown solid. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by means of preparative TLC with hexane:AcOEt as eluent to afford additional 55 (0.016 g, total yield: 0.104 g, 77%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.08-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.80-3.84 (m, 4H), 7.00 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.54 (m, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 8.08-8.11 (m, 2H), 8.12 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-morpholin-4-yl-3-(trityl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (56)

A mixture of iodide 55 (0.083 g, 0.18 mmol), (1-trityl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)boronic acid (0.094 g, 0.27 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (0.012 g, 0.017 mmol), LiCl (0.022 g, 0.52 mmol) and 1.0 M aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (0.442 mL, 0.442 mol) in EtOH (2 mL)-toluene (2 mL) was stirred at 105° C. for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled and the organic layer was poured into water and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to afford a syrup. The syrup was purified by means of preparative TLC with hexane:AcOEt as eluent to afford 56 (0.093 g, 81%) as a tan syrup. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.97-3.02 (m, 4H), 3.77-3.82 (m, 4H), 7.11-7.16 (m, 6H), 7.24-7.29 (m, 8H), 7.35-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=0.08 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=0.08 Hz, 1H), 8.06-8.09 (m, 2H), 8.13 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H).

1-Benzenesulfonyl-5-morpholin-4-yl-3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (57)

Triisopropylsilane (0.058 mL, 0.28 mmol), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 0.2 mL) and water (0.02 mL) were added to a solution of 56 (0.093 g, 0.14 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). After stirring for 15 minutes, the pH of the mixture was adjusted to pH 7-8 with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and product was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ twice. The combined organic solutions was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford a tan syrup. Hexane:AcOEt (1:1) solution of was added to the syrup and the mixture was cooled with ice-water bath. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with hexane and dried to afford 57 (0.037 g, 63%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃)

3.06-3.10 (m, 4H), 3.80-3.84 (m, 4H), 7.34 (d, J=0.27 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.79 (bs, 1H), 8.09-8.13 (m, 2H), 8.18 (d, J=0.27 Hz, 1H).

5-Morpholin-4-yl-3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (58)

A mixture of 57 (0.031 g, 0.076 mmol) and 10% aqueous NaOH solution (1 mL) in EtOH (2 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled and evaporated to afford a tan syrup. The syrup was dissolved with CH₂Cl₂ and the solution was washed with brine. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with CH₂Cl₂. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to afford a syrup, which was purified by means of preparative TLC with CH₂Cl₂:MeOH as eluent to afford 58 (0.016 g, 78%) as a pale brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.13-3.17 (m, 4H), 3.85-3.89 (m, 4H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (bs, 2H), 8.06 (d, J=0.26 Hz, 1H).

Synthesis of Example 3,5-Disubstituted 7-Azaindole Derivative 62

Dimethyl-[4-[1-(2-trimethylsilanylethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-yl]phenyl]amine (59)

Sodium hydride (60% suspension in oil; 0.253 g, 6.33 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 1 (1.00 g, 4.21 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). After stirring for 30 min, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (1.12 mL, 6.32 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 hours, poured into brine and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extracts was washed twice with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by means of SGC with hexane:AcOEt as eluent to afford 59 (1.30 g, 84%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.00 (s, 9H), 0.95-1.02 (m, 2H), 3.07 (s, 6H), 3.59-3.67 (m, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 6.59 (d, J=0.36 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.93 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=0.36 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.61 (m, 2H), 8.09 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H).

[4-[3-Bromo-1-(2-trimethylsilanylethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-yl]phenyl]dimethylamine (60)

Pyridine (0.180 mL, 2.23 mmol) and pyridinium tribromide (0.832 g, 2.34 mmol) were added to a stirred and cooled (−70° C.) solution of 59 (0.820 g, 2.23 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at −70° C. for 30 min., poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated. The residue was purified by means of SGC with hexane:AcOEt as eluent to afford 60 (0.700 g, 70%) as a pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.00 (s, 9H), 0.94-1.01 (m, 2H), 3.07 (s, 6H), 3.58-3.64 (m, 2H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 6.88-6.93 (m, 2H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.62 (m, 2H), 8.01 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H).

Dimethyl-[4-[3-morpholin-4-yl-1-(2-trimethylsilanylethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]phenyl]amine (61)

A mixture of 60 (0.055 g, 0.12 mmol), morpholine (0.021 mL, 0.24 mmol), tri-potassium phosphate monohydrate (0.057 g, 0.25 mmol), and copper (powder) (0.00078 g, 0.012 mmol) in N,N-dimethylethanolamine (1 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 2 days. The mixture was cooled and poured into brine and extracted with AcOEt. The organic layer was washed with brine twice, dried (MgSO₄), concentrated, and purified by means of preparative TLC with hexane:AcOEt as eluent to afford 61 (0.0096 g, 17%) as a tan syrup. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.00 (s, 9H), 0.88-0.95 (m, 2H), 3.01 (s, 6H), 3.07-3.14 (m, 4H), 3.51-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.97 (m, 4H), 5.63 (s, 2H), 6.82-6.88 (m, 3H), 7.48-7.53 (m, 2H), 8.00 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H).

Dimethyl-[4-(3-morpholin-4-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-yl)phenyl]amine (62)

A mixture of 61 (0.017 g, 0.038 mmol), 10% hydrochloric acid (1 mL), and ethanol (1 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes. The mixture was cooled and poured into saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extract was dried (MgSO₄), concentrated and purified by means of preparative TLC with CH₂Cl₂:methanol as eluent to afford 62 (0.0047 g, 39%) as a tan solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.94 (s, 6H), 3.02-3.06 (m, 4H), 3.86-3.90 (m, 4H), 6.75-6.81 (m, 3H), 7.42-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.97 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (d, J=0.21 Hz, 1H), 8.74 (bs, 1H).

Synthesis of 2,3,5-trisubstuted azaindole 63 2-Methyl-5-(2-phenoxy-phenyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (63)

To a stirred and cooled (−78° C.) solution of the azaindole 28 (80 mg, 0.16 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) was added a 1.5 M solution of tert-butyllithium in pentane (0.13 mL, 0.19 mmol) dropwise. After 0.6 h, methyl iodide (0.10 mL, 1.61 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture allowed to slowly warm to room temperature. Following a further 22.5 h the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and saturated NaHCO₃ solution and partitioned. The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The product was purified by PTLC using hexanes-EtOAc=4:1 as eluent to afford the desired azaindole 63 (4.4 mg, 7.3%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz; CDC₃)

3.94 (s, 3H), 6.93-6.96 (m, 2H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.08 (dd, J=1.3 and 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.50-7.54 (m, 3H), 8.35 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H) and 8.57 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H). MS (CI) m/z 377 (MH⁺).

Biological Activity JNK1, JNK2, JNK3-SPA Assay

-   -   1. Compound is dissolved in DMSO to a convenient concentration         and this is diluted in 10% DMSO to a five times concentrate of         the desired starting concentration (frequently 1:100).     -   2. 10 μl of 500 mM EDTA is added to alternative wells of the         Opti-plate row, which will receive kinase reaction plus DMSO.         This creates the negative control.     -   3. For the JNK2 and JNK3 assay, compounds are prepared in six         2-fold dilutions with water and each concentration is tested in         duplicate. For the JNK1 assay compounds are prepared in four         5-fold dilutions with water which are tested in triplicate.         Controls are treated identically.     -   4. 20 μl per well of each compound concentration is transferred         to an Opti-plate, in duplicate.     -   5. 30 μl (JNK2/3 SPA) or 50 μl (JNK1 SPA) of substrate solution         (25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM magnesium acetate with 3.33 μM ATP         (JNK2/3) or 2 μM ATP (JNK1), approximately 7.5 kBq [γ-³³P] ATP,         GST-c-Jun, in water) is added to each well.     -   6. 50 μl (JNK2/3 SPA) or 30 μl (JNK1 SPA) of kinase solution         (JNK in 25 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM Mg Acetate) is added to each         well.

Kinase Kinase per well (μg) GST-c-Jun per well (μg) JNK1 0.25 1 JNK2 0.2 1.2 JNK3 0.16 1.2

-   -   7. The plate is incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature.     -   8. 100 μl of bead/stop solution is added to each well (5 mg/ml         glutathione-PVT-SPA beads, 40 mM ATP in PBS).     -   9. Plates are sealed and incubated for 30 minutes at room         temperature, centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2500 g and counted.     -   10. The IC₅₀ values are calculated as the concentration of the         compound being tested at which the phosphorylation of c-Jun is         decreased to 50% of the control value. Example IC₅₀ values for         the compounds of this invention are given in Table 1.

p38 ELISA

Active p38 kinase (100 ng; Upstate) was added to 2 μg GST-ATF2 substrate (NEB) in 250 mM Hepes pH 7.5/100 mM MgAc/50 μM ATP (final) in the presence or absence of compounds in 50 μl. The mixture was incubated at 30° C. for 1 hour, and then diluted with 200 μl PBS-Tween (0.05%). From this, duplicate volumes of 100 pt were added to a Reacti-Bind glutathione coated plate (Pierce) and incubated for 1 hour. After washing 3 times with PBS-Tween (0.05%), rabbit anti-phospho-ATF2 (Thr71) antibody (NEB) was added at 1:500, and incubated for another hour at room temperature. After 3 additional washes with PBS-Tween (0.05%), 100 pt of anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase-conjugated secondary antibody (Sigma) was added at 1:1000, the reaction was incubated for a further hour, washed 3 times, and then phosphatase substrate (Sigma) was added (100 μl per well; 3 tablets in 5 ml water). After incubation in the dark at 37° C. for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was transferred to a clear 96 well plate, and the absorbance at 405 nm was read. The IC₅₀ values are calculated as the concentration of the compound being tested at which the phosphorylation of ATF2 is decreased to 50% of the control value. Example IC₅₀ values for the compounds of this invention are given in Table 1 (last column).

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ values for selected compounds against JNK1, JNK2, JNK3, and p38 MAP kinase JNK3 JNK2 JNK1 p38 Compound IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM)

<500 <500 <500 >10,000

<500 <500 <500 >10,000

<500

<500 <500 <500 >10,000

<500

<500 

1. A compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group, wherein the optionally substituted heterocyclyl group of R¹ is optionally fused to form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon atom in R¹, including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR³, (CH₂)_(n)NR³ ₂, OR³, SR³, NO₂, CN, NR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CONR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CO₂R³, CO₂R³, COR³, CONR³ ₂, S(O)₂R³, SONR³ ₂, S(O)R³, SO₂NR³ ₂, or NR³S(O)₂R³ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R³)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁴ ₂, ═N—OR⁴, ═NNR⁴COR⁴, ═NNR⁴CO₂R⁴, ═NNSO₂R⁴, or ═NR⁴; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R⁵, COR⁵, SO₂R⁵ or CO₂R⁵; wherein R² is a optionally substituted six-membered carbocyclyl group or a five-membered heterocyclyl group containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from S or O, or six-membered heterocyclyl group containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S or O, and wherein the optionally substituted carbocyclyl or five- or six-membered heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon or heteroatom in R² including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR⁷, (CH₂)_(n)NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, SONR⁷ ₂, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷ ₂, or NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R⁷)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁸ ₂, ═N—OR⁸, ═NNR⁸COR⁸, ═NNR⁸CO₂R⁸, ═NNSO₂R⁸, or ═NR⁸; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R² is optionally substituted by R⁹, COR⁹, SO₂R⁹ or CO₂R⁹; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; preferably, wherein each substitutable carbon or hetero-atom in R² is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NHCO₂R¹⁰, CO₂R¹⁰, COR¹⁰, CONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁰, SONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰ ₂, or NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰; E is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, G is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, L is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R³ in NR³ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R⁷ in NR⁷ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁹ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and wherein R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 2. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1, wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted five- or six-membered carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group wherein the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to form one or more unsaturated rings.
 3. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R¹ is selected from optionally substituted phenyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, cyclohexyl, furan, imidazole, indole, isoindole, isoquinoline, isoxazole, isothiazole, morpholine, naphthaline, oxazole, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, piperazine, piperidine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline, quinolizine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiophene, thiazole, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, triazole and trithiane.
 4. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R¹ is substituted with one or more of OR¹², halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, C₁₋₆ alkylheterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR¹², (CH₂)_(n)NR¹² ₂, SR¹², NO₂, CN, NR¹² ₂, NHC(O)R¹², NHS(O)₂R¹², CO₂R¹², COR¹², CONR¹² ₂, S(O)₂R¹², S(O)R¹² or SO₂NR¹² ₂; wherein R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl or aryl preferably phenyl, or heterocyclyl preferably pyridine, and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or
 6. 5. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1, wherein R² is selected from optionally substituted phenyl, cyclohexyl, acridine, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, indole, isoindole, indolizine, indazole, isoindole, isoquinoline, morpholine, napthalene, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, piperazine, piperidine, pyridazine, pyridine, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, quinoline, quinolizine, tetrazine, thiomorpholine, thianaphthalene, thiopyran, triazine, trithiane, and furan.
 6. A compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein R² is a six-membered carbocyclyl or heterocycyl group, optionally substituted with one or more of OR¹⁷, NR¹⁷ ₂, SR¹⁷, (CH₂)_(n)OR¹⁷, (CH₂)_(n)NR¹⁷ ₂, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, haloalkyl, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁷C(O)R¹⁷, NR¹⁷S(O)₂R¹⁷, CO₂R¹⁷, COR¹⁷CONR¹⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁷, S(O)R¹⁷ or SO₂NR¹⁷ ₂; wherein R¹⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, heterocyclyl or aryl preferably phenyl, and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or
 6. 7. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R² is a group

wherein A, X, Y or Z are independently selected from O, C and S and M is C, wherein one, two, three or four of A, X, Y and Z is other than C, preferably R² is furan, or thiophene; R²², R²³, R²⁴ or R²⁵ are independently selected from a lone electron pair, hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, haloalkyl, OR²⁶, SR²⁶, NO₂, CN, NR²⁶ ₂, NR²⁶CONR²⁶, NR²⁶COR²⁶, NR²⁶CO₂R²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)OR²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)NR²⁶ ₂, CO₂R²⁶, COR²⁶, CONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁶, SONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)R²⁶, S₂NR²⁶ ₂, or NHS(O)₂R²⁶; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; or wherein any two of R²², R²³, R²⁴ or R²⁵ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted with one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, OR²⁶, SR²⁶, NO₂, CN, NR²⁶ ₂, NR²⁶CONR²⁶ ₂, NR²⁶COR²⁶, NR²⁶CO₂R²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)OR²⁶, (CH₂)_(n)NR²⁶ ₂, CO₂R²⁶, COR²⁶, CONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁶, SONR²⁶ ₂, S(O)R²⁶, SO₂NR²⁶ ₂, or NR²⁶S(O)₂R²⁶; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR²⁷ ₂, ═N—OR²⁷, ═NNR²⁷COR²⁷, ═NNR—CO₂R²⁷, ═NNSO₂R²⁷, or ═NR²⁷; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R²⁸, COR²⁸, SO₂R²⁸ or CO₂R²⁸; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R²⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, OR²⁹, SR²⁹, NO₂, CN, NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹CONR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹COR²⁹, NR²⁹CO₂R²⁹, CO₂R²⁹, COR²⁹, CONR²⁹ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁹, SONR²⁹ ₂, S(O)R²⁹, SO₂NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹S(O)₂R²⁹, wherein the C₁₋₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R²⁹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R²⁹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R²⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR²⁹, SR²⁹, NO₂, CN, NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹COR²⁹, NR²⁹CONR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹CO₂R²⁹, CO₂R²⁹, COR²⁹, CONR²⁹ ₂, S(O)₂R²⁹, S(O)R²⁹, SO₂NR²⁹R²⁹, NR²⁹S(O)₂R²⁹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R²⁹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R²⁹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R²⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl; and wherein R²⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl.
 8. A compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 7 wherein R²², R²³, R²⁴ or R²⁵ are independently selected from a lone electron pair, hydrogen, halogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, haloalkyl, OR³⁰, SR³⁰, CN, NR³⁰ ₂ NR³⁰COR³⁰, CO₂R³⁰, COR³⁰, CONR³⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R³⁰, or S(O)R³⁰; wherein R³⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, preferably methyl or ethyl or carbocyclyl, preferably phenyl.
 9. A compound of formula (I) selected from the group consisting of:


10. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1 comprising removal of group R⁴⁰ from an intermediate (III)

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1; and R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group.
 11. A process as claimed in claim 10 wherein R⁴⁰ is R³¹SO₂, R³¹C(O), R³¹ ₃Si, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₂NSO₂, (R³¹)₂NC(O), R³¹OC(O), R³¹(R³¹O)CH, R³¹CH₂CH₂, R³¹CH₂, PhC(O)CH₂, CH₂═CH, ClCH₂CH₂, Ph₃C, Ph₂(4-pyridyl)C, Me₂N, HO—CH₂, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₃SiOCH₂, (R³¹O)₂CH, t-BuOC(O)CH₂, Me₂NCH₂, or tetrahydropyranylamine, wherein R³¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl.
 12. A compound of formula (III)

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1 and R⁴⁰ is a nitrogen protecting group selected from R³¹SO₂, R³¹C(O), R³¹ ₃Si, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₂NSO₂, (R³¹)₂NC(O), R³¹OC(O), R³¹(R³¹O)CH, R³¹CH₂CH₂, R³¹CH₂, PhC(O)CH₂, CH═CH, ClCH₂CH₂, Ph₃C, Ph₂(4-pyridyl)C, Me₂N, HO—CH₂, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₃SiOCH₂, (R³¹O)₂CH, t-BuOC(O)CH₂, Me₂NCH₂, or tetrahydropyranylamine, wherein R³¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂ aryl.
 13. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (III) comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (II) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (II) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (II) with silane R¹—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R¹, R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10; X is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃; R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 14. A process as claimed in claim 13 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 15. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (II) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen.

wherein R² is an optionally substituted five or six membered heterocyclyl group or an optionally substituted six membered carbocyclyl group; E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10 and X is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 16. A compound of formula (II)

wherein R² is an optionally substituted five or six membered heterocyclyl group or an optionally substituted six membered carbocyclyl group; E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1 and R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group; and X is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 17. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (IV) comprising desilylation of a compound of formula (V)

wherein R², E, G, a L and X are as defined in claim 15; and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl F, or OH.
 18. A compound of formula (IV)

wherein R², E, G, and L and X are as defined in claim
 15. 19. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 1 comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with stannane R¹—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with boronic acid or ester R¹—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (IV) with silane R¹—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R¹ and R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, wherein X is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six or seven membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 20. A process as claimed in claim 19 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 21. A compound of formula (V)

wherein R², G, L and X are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 22. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (V) comprising reacting acetylene of formula (VI) with iodoaminopyridine (VII).

wherein R, G, L and X are as defined in claim 15 and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl F, or OH.
 23. A process for the production of a compound of formula (III) comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (X) or b) stannane (XI) or c) silane (XII) with R¹-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst,

wherein R¹, R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10, wherein Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 24. A process as claimed in claim 23 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, and/or Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 25. A compound of formula (X)

wherein R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 26. A compound of formula (XI)

wherein R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 27. A compound of formula (XII)

wherein R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 28. A process for the production of a compound of formula (I) comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (L) or b) stannane (LI) or c) silane (LII) with R¹-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst,

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 10, wherein Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆alkyl; R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 29. A process as claimed in claim 28 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), and/or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 30. A compound of formula (L)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group.
 31. A compound of formula (LI)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 32. A compound of formula (LII)

wherein R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl F, or OH.
 33. A process for the manufacture of an intermediate of formula (III) comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (XIII) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XIII) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (XIII) with silane R²—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R¹, R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10, R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F or OH; and X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 34. A process as claimed in claim 33 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba dibenzylidenacetone), and/or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 35. A compound of formula (XIII)

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group; E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃; and R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group selected from R³¹SO₂, R³¹C(O), R³¹ ₃Si, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₂NC(O), R³¹OC(O), R³¹(R³¹O)CH, R³¹CH₂CH₂, R³¹CH₂, PhC(O)CH₂, CH═CH, ClCH₂CH₂, Ph₃C, Ph₂(4-pyridyl)C, Me₂N, HO—CH₂, R³¹OCH₂, (R³¹)₃SiOCH₂, (R³¹O)₂CH, t-BuOC(O)CH₂, Me₂NCH₂, or tetrahydropyranylamine, wherein R³¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₆₋₁₂aryl with the proviso that when R⁴⁰ is Si(R³¹)₃, and R¹ is a five-membered heterocycyl at least one of R³¹ is not C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 36. A process for the production of a compound of formula (III) comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (XIV) or b) stannane (XV) or c) silane (XVI) with R²-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst,

wherein R¹, R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10, Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃, R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH;
 37. A process as claimed in claim 36 where the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), and/or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 38. A compound of formula (XIV)

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group; E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10, and R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group.
 39. A compound of formula (XV)

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group; E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10, and R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group.
 40. A compound of formula (XVI)

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group, E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10, and R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group.
 41. A process for the manufacturing of compound of formula (XIII) by the addition of the R⁴⁰ group to a compound of general formula (XVII)

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group; E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 10, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 42. A compound of formula (XVII)

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group; E, G, and L are as defined in claim 10 and in X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 43. A process for the production of a compound of formula (I) comprising reaction of a) boronic acid or ester (LIV) or b) stannane (LV) or c) silane (LVI) with R²-Hal in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst,

wherein R¹, R², E, G, and L are as defined in claim 10, wherein Hal is I, Br, Cl, F or CF₃SO₃, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 44. A process as claimed in claim 43 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), and/or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 45. A compound of formula (LIV)

wherein R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group; E, G, and L are as defined in claim 10, and R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₁₆alkyl group a defined in claim
 13. 46. A compound of formula (LV)

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in claim 45, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 47. A compound of formula (LVI)

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in claim 45, and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH as defined in claim
 13. 48. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XVII) by the introduction of an X² group to a compound of formula (XVIII).

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in claim 45 and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 49. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XIII) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XIX),

wherein R¹, E, G, and L are as defined in claim 45, and R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group; and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 50. A compound of formula (XIX)

wherein R¹, E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim
 49. 51. A process for the production of a compound of formula (IIIa) containing the 4-substituted oxazole ring by the reaction of aldehyde (XX) with a TOSMIC type reagent (XXI),

wherein: R³⁶ is X or R¹, R¹, E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 49, R³⁷ is hydrogen, or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and R³⁸ is an C₆₋₁₂ aryl.
 52. A process for the production of a compound of formula (IIIb) containing the 2-substituted oxazole ring by the reaction of aldehyde (XX) with a reagent (XXII),

wherein E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 51, wherein R³⁶ and R³⁸ are as defined in claim 51, and R³⁹ is a hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR³, (CH₂)_(n)NR³ ₂, OR³, SR³, NO₂, CN, NR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CONR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CO₂R³, CO₂R³, COR³, CONR³ ₂, S(O)₂R³, SONR³ ₂, S(O)R³, SO₂NR³ ₂, or NR³S(O)₂R³ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R³)—, —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; wherein R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R³ in NR³ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁴¹ is OR⁴² or SR⁴², and wherein R⁴² is C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 53. A process for the production of a compound of formula (IIIc) by the reaction of iminoester (XXIII) with formic acid hydrazide,

wherein R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, wherein R⁴³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, and wherein X³ is F, Cl, Br, I, HSO₄ ⁻, or CF₃SO₃ ⁻.
 54. A compound of formula (XXIII)

wherein R², E G L, R⁴⁰R⁴³ and X³ are as defined in claim
 53. 55. A process for the production of iminoester of formula (XXIII) by the reaction of nitrile (XXIV) with alcohol R⁴³OH in the presence of mineral acid HX³,

wherein R², E, G, L, R⁴⁰, R⁴³ and X³ are as defined in claim
 53. 56. A compound of formula (XXIV)

wherein R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim
 15. 57. A process for the manufacture of nitrile of formula (XXIV) comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (XXV) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XXV) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (XXV) with silane R²—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R², E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃S₃, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 58. A process as claimed in claim 57 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), and/or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 59. A compound of formula (XXV)

wherein E, G, and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 60. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XXV) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen in compound (XXVI),

wherein E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 61. A compound of formula (XXVI)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 62. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XXVI) by the introduction of an X² group to 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (XXVII),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃ as defined in claim
 33. 63. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XXV) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XXVII),

wherein E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 64. A compound of formula (XXVII)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim
 1. 65. A compound of formula (XXVIII)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, and wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group.
 66. A process for the manufacture of 1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (XXVIIa) comprising reaction of 5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine with Zn(CN)₂ in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄.


67. A process for the production of a compound of formula (IIa) containing the triazole ring by the reaction of iminoester (XXIX) with formic acid hydrazide,

wherein E, G, L, X and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, wherein R⁴³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and X³ is F, Cl, Br, I, HSO₄ ⁻, or CF₃SO₃ ⁻.
 68. A compound of formula (XXIX)

wherein E, G, and L, X and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R⁴³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and X³ is F, Cl, Br, I, HSO₄ ⁻ or CF₃SO₃ ⁻.
 69. A process for the production of iminoester of formula (XXIX) by the reaction of nitrile (XXX) with alcohol R⁴³OH in the presence of mineral acid HX³,

wherein E, G, L, X and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein R⁴³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl and X³ is F, Cl, Br, I, HSO₄ ⁻, or CF₃SO₃ ⁻.
 70. A process for the manufacture of silicon derivative of formula (XII) comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXI) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXI) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst,

wherein E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 71. A process as claimed in claim 70 wherein the catalyst is (PPh₃)₂PdCl₂, (PPh₃)₄Pd, Pd(OAc)₂, [PdCl(η³-C₃H₅]₂, Pd₂(dba)₃, Pd(dba)₂ (dba=dibenzylidenacetone), and/or Pd/P(t-Bu)₃.
 72. A compound of formula (XXXI)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, wherein R⁴⁰ is an amino protecting group, wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 73. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XXXI) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen in compound (XXXII),

wherein E, G, and L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃, and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 74. A compound of formula (XXXII)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 75. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXII) by the introduction of an X² group into silicon derivative (XXXIII),

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃ and wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 76. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXI) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XXXIV),

wherein E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, wherein R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH and X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 77. A process for the manufacture of intermediate of formula (IIb) comprising a) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXV) with stannane R²—Sn(R³²)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst or b) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXV) with boronic acid or ester R²—B(OR³³)₂ in a presence of a suitable palladium catalyst or c) reaction of a compound of formula (XXXV) with silane R²—Si(R³⁴)₃ in the presence of a palladium catalyst;

wherein R², R⁴⁰, E, G, and L are as defined in claim 15, wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃, and wherein R³² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl; R³³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl or wherein two R³³ groups together optionally form a five, six- or seven-membered ring with the boron and oxygen atoms, wherein the ring is optionally substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl group; and R³⁴ is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, F, or OH.
 78. A compound of formula (XXXV)

wherein E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 79. A process for the manufacture of a compound of formula (XXXV) comprising protection of the pyrrole nitrogen in compound (XXXVI),

wherein E, G, L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 80. A compound of formula (XXXVI)

wherein E, G, and L are as defined in claim 1, and wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 81. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXVI) by the introduction of an X² group to 5-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine,

wherein X² is as defined in claim
 33. 82. A process for the production of a compound of formula (XXXV) by the introduction of the X² group to a compound of formula (XXXVII),

wherein E, G, and L and R⁴⁰ are as defined in claim 15, wherein X² is F, Cl, Br, I or CF₃SO₃.
 83. A compound selected from the group consisting of:


84. A composition comprising a compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, wherein: R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group, R² is an optionally substituted five or six membered heterocyclyl group or an optionally substituted six membered carbocyclyl group, E is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, G is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and L is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein the optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group of R¹ is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon atom in R¹, including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR³, (CH₂)_(n)NR³ ₂, OR³, SR³, NO₂, CN, NR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CONR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CO₂R³, CO₂R³, COR³, CONR³ ₂, S(O)₂R³, SONR³ ₂, S(O)R³, SO₂NR³ ₂, or NR³S(O)₂R³ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R³)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁴ ₂, ═N—OR⁴, ═NNR⁴COR⁴, ═NNR⁴CO₂R⁴, ═NNSO₂R⁴, or ═NR⁴; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R⁵, COR⁵, SO₂R⁵ or CO₂R⁵; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R³ in NR³ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and wherein R² is a six-membered carbocyclyl group or a five or six-membered heterocyclyl group containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S or O wherein the optionally substituted six-membered carbocyclyl or five or six-membered heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon or heteroatom in R² including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR⁷, (CH₂)_(n)NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, SONR⁷ ₂, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷ ₂, or NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R⁷)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁸ ₂, ═N—OR⁸, ═NNR⁸COR⁸, ═NNR⁸CO₂R⁸, ═NNSO₂R⁸, or ═NR⁸; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R² is optionally substituted by R⁹, COR⁹, SO₂R⁹ or CO₂R⁹; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; preferably, wherein each substitutable carbon or hetero-atom in R² is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NHCO₂R¹⁰, CO₂R¹⁰, COR¹⁰, CONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁰, SONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰ ₂, or NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)— —(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R⁷ in NR⁷ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁹ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and wherein R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or C₁₋₆haloalkyl.
 85. A composition as claimed in claim 84 further comprising one or more other active agent.
 86. A composition as claimed in claim 85 wherein the composition further comprises an anti-inflammatory agent, for example a p38 inhibitor.
 87. A method of inhibiting JNK comprising administering a composition as claimed in claim
 84. 88. The method of claim 87, wherein JNK3 is selectively inhibited.
 89. A method of preventing or treating a JNK-mediated disorder in an individual comprising administering a compound of claim
 84. 90. The method of claim 89, wherein the disorder is a neurodegenerative disorder (including dementia), inflammatory disease, a disorder linked to apoptosis, particularly neuronal apoptosis, autoimmune disease, destructive bone disorder, proliferative disorder, cancer, infectious disease, allergy, ischemia reperfusion injury, heart attack, angiogenic disorder, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombin induced platelet aggregation and/or any condition associated with prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase-2.
 91. The method of claim 90, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder results from apoptosis and/or inflammation.
 92. The method of claim 90, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is: dementia; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Huntington's disease; senile chorea; Sydenham's chorea; hypoglycemia; head and spinal cord trauma including traumatic head injury; acute and chronic pain; epilepsy and seizures; olivopontocerebellar dementia; neuronal cell death; hypoxia-related neurodegeneration; acute hypoxia; glutamate toxicity including glutamate neurotoxicity; cerebral ischemia; dementia linked to meningitis and/or neurosis; cerebrovascular dementia; or dementia in an HIV-infected patient.
 93. The method of claim 90, wherein the neurodegenerative disorder is a peripheral neuropathy, including mononeuropathy, multiple mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy, such as may be found in diabetes mellitus, Lyme disease or uremia; peripheral neuropathy caused by a toxic agent; demyelinating disease such as acute or chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy, leukodystrophies or Guillain-Barré syndrome; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a collagen vascular disorder; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to sarcoidosis; multiple mononeuropathy secondary to a metabolic disease; or multiple mononeuropathy secondary to an infectious disease.
 94. The method of claim 90, wherein the disorder is inflammatory bowel disorder; bronchitis; asthma; acute pancreatitis; chronic pancreatitis; allergies of various types; Alzheimer's disease; autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, glumerulonephritis, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves's disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune haemolytis anaemia, autoimmune neutropaenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis or graft vs host disease.
 95. The method of claim 85, wherein one or more other active agent is administered to the individual simultaneously, subsequently or sequentially to administering the composition.
 96. The method of claim 95, wherein the other active agent is an anti-inflammatory agent such as a p38 inhibitor.
 97. An assay for determining the activity of a compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group, R² is an optionally substituted five or six membered heterocyclyl group or an optionally substituted six membered carbocyclyl group, E is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, G is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and L is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein the optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group of R¹ is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon atom in R¹, including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR³, (CH₂)_(n)NR³ ₂, OR³, SR³, NO₂, CN, NR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CONR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CO₂R³, CO₂R³, COR³, CONR³ ₂, S(O)₂R³, SONR³ ₂, S(O)R³, SO₂NR³ ₂, or NR³S(O)₂R³ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R³)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁴ ₂, ═N—OR⁴, ═NNR⁴COR⁴, ═NNR⁴CO₂R⁴, ═NNSO₂R⁴, or ═NR⁴; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R⁵, COR⁵, SO₂R⁵ or CO₂R⁵; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R³ in NR³ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and wherein R² is a six-membered carbocyclyl group or a five or six-membered heterocyclyl group containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S or O wherein the optionally substituted six-membered carbocyclyl or five or six-membered heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon or heteroatom in R² including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR⁷, (CH₂)_(n)NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, SONR⁷ ₂, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷ ₂, or NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R⁷)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁸ ₂, ═N—OR⁸, ═NNR⁸COR⁸, ═NNR⁸CO₂R⁸, ═NNSO₂R⁸, or ═NR⁸; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R² is optionally substituted by R⁹, COR⁹, SO₂R⁹ or CO₂R⁹; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; preferably, wherein each substitutable carbon or hetero-atom in R² is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NHCO₂R¹⁰, CO₂R¹⁰, COR¹⁰, CONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁰, SONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰ ₂, or NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R⁷ in NR⁷ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁹ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and wherein R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆alkyl, or C₁₋₆haloalkyl, the assay comprising providing a system for assaying the activity and assaying the activity of the compound.
 98. The assay as claimed in claim 97, wherein the assay is for the JNK inhibiting activity of the compound, preferably for the JNK3-specific inhibiting activity of the compound.
 99. The assay as claimed in claim 97, wherein the assay is a Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) using radiolabelled ATP, or is an ELISA.
 100. A method of inhibiting the activity or function of a JNK, particularly JNK3, which method comprises exposing a JNK to a compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is an optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group, R² is an optionally substituted five or six membered heterocyclyl group or an optionally substituted six membered carbocyclyl group, E is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, G is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl, and L is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy or C₁₋₆ alkyl; wherein the optionally substituted carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl group of R¹ is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon atom in R¹, including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR³, (CH₂)_(n)NR³ ₂, OR³, SR³, NO₂, CN, NR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CONR³ ₂, NR³COR³, NR³CO₂R³, CO₂R³, COR³, CONR³ ₂, S(O)₂R³, SONR³ ₂, S(O)R³, SO₂NR³ ₂, or NR³S(O)₂R³ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R³)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁴ ₂, ═N—OR⁴, ═NNR⁴COR⁴, ═NNR⁴CO₂R⁴, ═NNSO₂R⁴, or ═NR⁴; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R¹ is optionally substituted by R⁵, COR⁵, SO₂R⁵ or CO₂R⁵; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; wherein R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R³ in NR³ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, SONR⁶ ₂, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR⁶, SR⁶, NO₂, CN, NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CONR⁶R⁶, NR⁶COR⁶, NR⁶CO₂R⁶, CO₂R⁶, COR⁶, CONR⁶ ₂, S(O)₂R⁶, S(O)R⁶, SO₂NR⁶R⁶, NR⁶S(O)₂R⁶, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R⁶)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R⁶ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁵ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆haloalkyl; and wherein R² is a six-membered carbocyclyl group or a five or six-membered heterocyclyl group containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S or O wherein the optionally substituted six-membered carbocyclyl or five or six-membered heterocyclyl group is optionally fused to a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing zero to three heteroatoms, and each substitutable carbon or heteroatom in R² including the optional fused ring, is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of halogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₂ alkynyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, (CH₂)_(n)OR⁷, (CH₂)_(n)NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, SR⁷, NO₂, CN, NR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CONR⁷ ₂, NR⁷COR⁷, NR⁷CO₂R⁷, CO₂R⁷, COR⁷, CONR⁷ ₂, S(O)₂R⁷, SONR⁷ ₂, S(O)R⁷, SO₂NR⁷ ₂, or NR⁷S(O)₂R⁷ wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally contains one or more insertions selected from —O—, —N(R⁷)— —S—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—; and each saturated carbon in the optional fused ring is further optionally and independently substituted by ═O, ═S, NNR⁸ ₂, ═N—OR⁸, ═NNR⁸COR⁸, ═NNR⁸CO₂R⁸, ═NNSO₂R⁸, or ═NR⁸; and each substitutable nitrogen atom in R² is optionally substituted by R⁹, COR⁹, SO₂R⁹ or CO₂R⁹; wherein n is 1 to 6, preferably n is 1, 2 or 3; preferably, wherein each substitutable carbon or hetero-atom in R² is optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, OR¹⁰, SR¹⁰, NO₂, CN, NR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NR¹⁰CONR¹⁰ ₂, NR¹⁰COR¹⁰, NHCO₂R¹⁰, CO₂R¹⁰, COR¹⁰, CONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)₂R¹⁰, SONR¹⁰ ₂, S(O)R¹⁰, SO₂NR¹⁰ ₂, or NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰; wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; wherein R⁷ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein two R⁷ in NR⁷ ₂ may optionally form a partially saturated, unsaturated or fully saturated five to seven membered ring containing one to three heteroatoms, optionally and independently substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, SONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁸ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted by one or more of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, OR¹¹, SR¹¹, NO₂, CN, NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CONR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹COR¹¹, NR¹¹CO₂R¹¹, CO₂R¹¹, COR¹¹, CONR¹¹ ₂, S(O)₂R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, SO₂NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₁₂ alkyl group optionally incorporates one or two insertions selected from the group consisting of —O—, —N(R¹¹)—, —S(O)— and —S(O₂)—, wherein each R¹¹ may be the same or different and is as defined below; wherein R⁹ is hydrogen, C₆₋₁₂ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl or C₁₋₆ haloalkyl; and wherein R¹¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₆haloalkyl.
 101. A method as claimed in claim 100, which is performed in a research model.
 102. A method as claimed in claim 101, wherein the research model is an animal model. 